Mutational a iponahatsa le ho mefuta e meng ea liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso

Poleloana e reng "phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso" le tsoa Latin lentsoe "mutatio", leo ka ho toba le bolela - phetoho kapa phetoho. Mutational a iponahatsa e bontša diphetolo tsitsitseng le totobetseng la lintho tse bonahalang le liphatsa tsa lefutso e bonahatsa litšobotsi lefa. Sena ke kgokahanyo ya pele ka ketane sebopeho le pathogenesis tsa mafu a lefa. ketsahalo ena e se e ile a ithuta ka mafolofolo le halofo ea bobeli ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, 'me hona joale ho feta' me hangata ho feta u ka utloa hore a iponahatsa mutational lokela ho ithuta hammoho le tsebo le kutlwisiso ya mochine ona fetoha senotlolo sa ho hlōla mathata a moloko oa batho.

Ho na le mefuta e 'maloa ea liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso tse liseleng. tlhophiso bona e itšetlehile ka mefuta ea lisele ka botsona. liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso ho ikatisa etsahala liseleng kokoana-hloko, lisele tse germline hape teng. liphetoho leha e le efe ba se futsitseng 'me hangata bo fumanwa ka lisele tsa tsona li le bana, ho tloha molokong o ho isa molokong o fetile' maloa a bopengwi 'me qetellong seo ka fetoha sesosa sa maloetse.

liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso Somatic ke diplobiont liseleng. peculiarity bona ke hore ba hlaha feela ho motho ea o hlahile. ke hore, liphetoho ha li futsitseng ho liseleng tse ling, empa feela ha aroloa ka mele o le mong. Somatic mutational a iponahatsa e bontšoa bonahaleng ha e qala ka mekhahlelo ba pele. Ha e le phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso le hlaha ka methati ea pele ea sithabetsa zygote, ho na le mela e kholoanyane seleng e fapaneng ho tloha genotypes e mong le tse ling. Ka lebaka leo, ho sa lisele tse tla jara phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso, lintho tse joalo ba bitsoa litšoantšo.

Maemo mehaho liphatsa tsa lefutso

Mutational a iponahatsa e bontšoa ka dibopeho liphatsa tsa lefutso e fapana maemo a fapaneng tsa mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng. Liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso li ka etsahala phatsa ea lefutso, chromosome le liphatsa tsa lefutso boemong ba. Ho itšetlehile ka hore phetoho ena le mefuta ya phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso.

liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso ama DNA sebopeho, oo ka oona ho fetola ka phahameng ka ho ea limolek'hule. liphetoho tse joalo, maemong a mang ha di ame solofetsa tsa protheine e, ke hore,, mosebetsi ha a fetohe. Empa maemong a mang, e ka ba thuto haelloang hore se khaotsa ho le protheine ho phetha mosebetsi oa eona.

Phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso ka boemo chromosomal se etsa a le kotsi tebileng hobane ba ama sebopeho sa mafu chromosomal. Phello ea phetoho ena ke liphetoho ka sebōpeho sa chromosomes, 'me ho na le se a ntse a liphatsa tsa lefutso' maloa tse amehang. Ka lebaka la sena, ho ka fetola tsela e tloaelehileng diploid phase sete, eo le eena o ne a na le tšusumetso DNA palo yohle.

liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso Genomic hammoho le chromosome ka etsa hore sebopeho sa lefu chromosomal. Mehlala ea phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso ke sena boemo ba - aneuploidy le polyploidy. Keketseho ena kapa fokotseha ka palo ea chromosomes hore e le hore motho a ka 'na ba ba bolaea.

Gene liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso amana le trisomy, e leng se bontšang ho ba teng ha chromosomes tharo homologous ka karyotype (keketseho ea chelete). diphetho joalo deflection ka sebopeho sa Edwards Syndrome le lefu Down e. Monosomy bolela ho ba teng ha 'ngoe feela ea chromosomes pedi homologous (fokotseha palo), hoo e batlang e felisa ntshetsopeleng tloaelehileng ea embryo ena.

Sesosa sa liketsahalo tsena ke ditlolo ka mekhahlelo e fapaneng ya ntshetsopele ya lisele tse kokoana-hloko. Hlahellang ka lebaka la tieho anaphase - chromosomes homologous nakong karohano seleng ea fallela lipalo tse, 'me e mong oa bona ne a ka tsoela pele. Ho na le boetse ho na le khopolo ea "bao e seng disjunction", ha chromosomes sa khone ho arotsoe ka mekhahlelo ea mitosis kapa meiosis. Sena se fella ka ponahalo ea mafu a sa tšoaneng ho tiea. Ho ithuta ketsahalo ena e tla thusa ho nyopa le mekgwa ya, 'me mohlomong e tla etsa hore ho be bonolo hore motho a bolele le ho susumetsa dithulaganyo tsena.