Lipalangoang tsa lipeipi: liphaephe tsa oli tsa Russia

Liphaipi tsa oli tsa Russia ke e 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa mochelete le matla a moruo oa moruo oa naha. Kajeno, Russia Federation e na le lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa lipeipi tsa oli, liphaephe tsa khase le liphaephe tsa lihlahisoa tsa oli tsa bohlokoa bo sa tšoaneng. Tsamaiso ea lipalangoang e kopanya libaka tsa lihlooho tse ngata tsa Federation, hape e sebeletsa ho romela lihlahisoa tsa hydrocarbon le lihlahisoa tsa tsona.

Kemiso ea lipeipi

Lipeipi li arotsoe ho latela morero oa tsona:

• Sebaka sa sebaka sena se kopanya lintho ka hare ho ho tšoasa litlhapi, li-oil le khase, lihlahisoa tsa oli.
• Liphaepe tsa libaka li na le bolelele ba lik'hilomithara tse mashome. Masimo a oli a kopantsoeng le seteisheneng se seholo, le lisebelisoa tsa oli ho loading (loading) ka metsi kapa ka lipalangoang tsa terene, e leng pipeline e kholo.
• Liphalaipi tsa trunk tse nang le bolelele ba lik'hilomithara tse fetang 50, le bophara ba phala ho tloha ho 200 mm ho ea ho 1 400 mm le ka holimo. Sebaka seo lihlahisoa li ka phallelang ka liphaephe tse joalo li lekantsoe ka makholo kapa likete tse likete. Ho hlakola ha ho etsoe ke seteishene se le seng sa compressor, empa ka tse 'maloa tse fumanehang haufi le tsela ea lipeipi. Ho itšetlehile ka sehlahisoa sa oli se pumped, mohala o ka sehloohong o bitsoa pipeline ea oli (oli e sa hlahisoang ke oli e sa hlahisoang ke oli), sehlahisoa sa lihlahisoa (oli ea lihlahisoa), pipeline ea oli, peterole ea peterole, phae ea parafine, joalo-joalo.

Li-pipeline tsa trunk li tsoela pele ka nako e telele, ho emisa nako e khutšoanyane ho khoneha ka ketsahalo ea kotsi, ho lokisoa kapa ho nchafatsoa ha likarolo.

Ntlafatso ea lipeipi tsa oli Russia

Histori ea tsoelo-pele ea lipereipi Russia e amahanngoa le ntlafatso ea indasteri ea oli. Ka 1901, 'muso o hlahisitse hoo e ka bang halofo ea tlhahiso ea oli lefatšeng. Ka keketseho ea boholo ba lisebelisoa tse tala, taba ea lipalangoang tsa eona e ntse e hōlisoa ka ho eketsehileng. Ho fokotsa tšubuhlellano ea literene le ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa lipalangoang, ho khoneha hore moruo o khone ho haha.

Li-pipeline tsa oli tsa pele tsa Russia tse nang le bolelele ba 1,147 km li ile tsa hahoa mathoasong a lekholong la bo19 le la bo20 la lilemo 'me li hokahane le litlhapi tse pota-potileng Baku ka lihlahisoa tsa oli tsa oli. Boikemisetso ba ho haha lipeipi tsa pele li entsoe ka D.I. Mendeleev. Moralo ona o ile oa kenngoa ts'ebetsong ka 1906. Sefahleho sa sehlahisoa sa li-831 km bolelele, boholo ba limilimithara tse 200 mm le liteishene tse 13 tsa compressor e ne e le tsona tse kholo ka ho fetisisa lefats'eng ka nako eo 'me li fane ka parafine ho tloha Baku ho Batumi bakeng sa ho romela thepa.

Lilemong tsa pele ho ntoa, lihlahisoa tse kholo tsa oli le oli li ile tsa oela Caspian, Caucasus le Volga Basin. Li-pipeline tsa oli Grozny-Tuapse (649 km, bophara ba 273 mm), Ishimbay-Ufa (169 km, 300 mm) le liphaephe tsa lihlahisoa Mangyshlak-Samara le Ust-Balyk-Almetyevsk li ile tsa sebelisoa.

Tsela e ncha ea ho ntlafatsa lipeipi tsa oli tsa Russia (eo e neng e le USSR) e bile ka mor'a lilemo tsa ntoa. Tlhōrō ena e etsahetse nakong ea tsoelo-pele e potlakileng ea tlhahiso ea oli le ho sebetsana le sekepe sa Volga-Ural le nts'etsopele ea lichelete tsa Siberia. Lithaipi tsa trunk tse bolelele ba 1200 mm bophara li ile tsa hahoa. Ka lebaka la tse ling tsa tsona (mohlala, Surgut-Polotsk), oli ea Siberia e ile ea qala ho fetisetsoa libakeng tse bohareng tsa Russia, Belarus le linaheng tsa Baltic.

Melemo ea ho tsamaisa lipeipi

Tlhahiso e matla ka ho fetisisa ea lipeipi tsa oli le liphaipi tsa khase tsa Russia tse amoheloang karolong ea bobeli ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo. Ho tla fihlela joale, ka boholo le matla a itseng a tsamaiso ea li-hydrocarbon, ho tsamaisoa ha lipeipi ho lula ho nkela terene le mekhoa ea metsi ea ho tsamaisa oli le oli. Melemo e kholo ea liphaephe tsa oli le khase ke:

• Sebaka sa bohlokoa sa phetoho, ts'ebetso e sa sitisoeng, phallo e kholo, litšenyehelo tse fokolang.
• Mefuta e mengata ea li-viscosity tse entsoeng ka pumped petroleum.
• Ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng libakeng tse sa tšoaneng tsa mocheso.
• Monyetla oa ho haha liphaephe hoo e batlang e le libakeng tsohle.
• Tekano e phahameng ea mechine nakong ea kaho.
• Motlakase oa tsamaiso ea tsamaiso holim'a lisebelisoa tsa theknoloji.

Bothata bo ka sehloohong ba lipalangoang tsa lipeipi li nkoa e le letlotlo le leholo la lichelete nakong ea kaho.

Li-pipeline tse kholo ka ho fetisisa Russia

1. Baku - Novorossiysk - pipe ea oli bakeng sa ho fetisoa ha oli ea Caspian lebōpong la Novorossiysk.
2. Balakhany - Black City ke phala ea pele ea oli ea Russia, e laetsoeng ka 1878. Moipi o kopanya ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa Balakhani le Hloahloeng ea Apsheron le bokhoni ba ho hloekisa oli sebakeng sa Baku.
3. Mokhatlo oa Baltic Pipeline. Sepheo se entsoeng ke li-tonne tse 74 tsa oli ka selemo. E kopanya lebōpo la Primorsk le masimo a oli Western Boperia le sebakeng sa Ural-Povolzhsky.
4. Siberia Bochabela - Leoatle la Pacific - moipi o kopanyang masimo a Siberia le kou ea ho tlatsa Kozmino haufi le Nakhodka. Mookameli oa liphaephe ke OAO AK Transneft. Bolelele ba 4,188 km bo fana ka monyetla oa ho romela oli ea Russia marakeng a sebakeng sa Asia-Pacific le USA.
5. Pipe ea oli ea Druzhba ke tsamaiso e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea li-pipeline ea tromo, e hahiloeng ho fana ka lihlahisoa tsa oli le oli libakeng tsa socialist tsa Europe Bochabela. Hona joale e sebetsoa bakeng sa ho romela thepa linaheng tse ling Europe.
6. Grozny - Tuapse - e leng mohala oa pele oa oli o moholo oa Russia, o hahiloeng mathoasong a lekholo la bo20 la lilemo ho tsamaisa oli ea Caucasia lebōpong la Leoatle le Letšo.
7. Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) e kopanya lipositi tsa bophirimela Kazakhstan tse nang le setulo se haufi le lebōpo la Leoatle le Letšo la Nōka haufi le Novorossiysk.
8. Pipe ea Murmansk e nang le lithane tse limilione tse 80 e kopanya libaka tsa oli tsa Western Siberia le sekepe sa Murmansk.
9. Surgut - Polotsk - pipeline ea oli e kopanyang Siberia Bophirimela le Belarus le ho feta linaheng tsa Baltic le Poland.
10. E ikhethang ka tsela ea eona ka tsela ea eona Uip-Atyrau-Samara e leng mohalali o moholo oa oli.

Fetisa ka liphaephe

Hona joale, liphaephe tsa oli tsa Russia li etsa karolo ea 84 lekholong ea oli e tsoang naheng. Tse 13% tse setseng ke tsa ho tsamaisa literene le 3% bakeng sa lipalangoang tsa metsi le nōka. OAO AK Transneft ke eena feela mohloli oa lipeipi tsa oli Russia. E na le karolo ea 97 lekholong ea oli eohle e tsamaisoang naheng. Bolelele ba tsamaiso ea lipeipi ea khampani ke lik'hilomithara tse fetang 217 tse likete, tse kopanyang libaka tse ka sehloohong tsa tlhahiso ea oli Russia le limmaraka Europe. Ts'ebetsong eohle ea lipalangoang, lik'hilomithara tse 46,7 lik'hilomithara tsa oli le lik'hilomithara tse 19,3 ke liphaephe tsa lihlahisoa tsa oli.

Li-pipeline tsa oli tse ka sehloohong tsa Russia, tse amehang licheleteng tsa thepa:

• Pipe ea oli ea Baltic, matla a ho fetisa - lithane tse limilione tse 74 ka selemo;
• Tsamaiso ea "metsoalle" ea tsamaiso ea lipeipi. E 'ngoe ea makala a tseleng ena e kholo e ea Poland, ea bobeli - ho Slovakia. Kakaretso ea kakaretso - lithane tse limilione tse 90;
• Lipereipi tsa oli tsa Black Sea - lithane tse 43 tsa limilione.

Tataiso e kholo ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea oli e tsoang linaheng tse ling tsa Russia ke Siberia ea Bochabela, mabapi le ho eketseha ha lihlahisoa tsa oli China.