Protheine ke eng? Mehlala ea liprotheine e bonolo le e rarahaneng

Ho utloisisa kamoo ho leng bohlokoa ke liprotheine, ho lekaneng ha ho hopola tsebahala polelo Fridriha Engelsa: ". Bophelo - e le tsela ea boteng ba 'mele protheine" Ha e le hantle, le lefatseng la tsa dintho tsena ho phaella ho acid nucleic, etsa hore liponahatso kaofela taba phelang. Ka pampiri ena, re tla fumana hore na ke eng e na le protheine, ho ithuta hore na ho sebetsa ho etsa hammoho le hlalosa litšobotsi mehaho ea mefuta e sa tšoaneng.

Peptides - haholo hlophisitse polymers

Ha e le hantle, ka seleng e phelang e le limela le liphoofolo liprotheine quantitatively hlaheletseng ho fetela ho lintho tse ling tse manyolo, hammoho le sebetsa palo e khōlō ea mesebetsi e fapaneng. Ba le seabo sa tšoaneng dithulaganyo bohlokoa haholo lisele tse kang mokhatlo oa, tšireletso, alamo mosebetsi le tse ling tse joalo. Ka mohlala, ka mesifa dinama tse nyenyane tse ea batho le liphoofolo peptides di na le dipegelo ho fihlela ho 85% ka boima ba 'mele ea taba omileng,' me ka bone bone le dermis - ho tloha 15-50%.

All lisele le dinama tse nyenyane tse le liprotheine tse entsoe ka -amino acid (20 mefuta e). palo ea bona ka lintho tse phelang ka eona, kamehla ba lekanang mefuta mashome a mabeli. tlhakantsuke tse sa tšoaneng tsa monomers peptide ho theha mefuta e fapaneng ya liprotheine tsa tlhaho. Ho hakanngoa palo ea bolepi ba linaleli ba 2x10 ¹⁸ mefuta e ka khonehang. Ka polypeptides Biochemistry bitsoa macromolecular likokoana-hloko polymers - macromolecules.

-amino acid - monomers protheine

Tsohle mefuta 20 tsa metsoako tsena lik'hemik'hale tse liprotheine le diyuniti mehaho na le moralo o balletsweng kakaretso NH ₂ -R-COOH. Ba amphoteric manyolo dintho ea nang le bokhoni hore a bontše thepa bobeli mantlha le asiti. e bonolo, e seng feela lihaha-'mele, empa hape e rarahaneng, na ho thoeng ke tsa bohlokwa amino acid. Empa monomers bohlokoa, tse kang valine, lysine, methionine ka fumanoa feela ka ho itseng mefuta eohle ea belkov.Takie liprotheine bitsoa phahameng sehlopheng.

Ka hona, le bontšang ho polymer nahanela eseng feela ba bakae ba amino acid ke protheine, empa hape oa mofuta ofe monomers ba ikopanya le ka litlamo peptide ka molecule ena. Eketsa hore nonessential amino acid tse kang asparagine, acid e glutamic, cysteine ka nosi tsa maiketsetso ka lisele tsa batho le liphoofolo. monomers bohlokwa di liprotheine hlahisoa libaktheria, dimela le li-fungus. Ba tla ka phelang heterotrophic feela le lijo.

Ka hlahiswa polypeptide

E le o tsejoa, 20 fapaneng amino acid ka ho tsamaisana ho plurality tsa mefuta eohle ea limolek'hule protheine. Joang ho tlama ea monomers le mong ho e mong? Ho bonahala eka ho carboxyl le Amine lihlopha tsa amino acid haufi rapaletse kozalana. A ho thoeng ke litlamo peptide, 'me limolek'hule metsi di fuwa ka byproduct tsa polycondensation itšoara joang. Protheine sephetho le molek'hule e na le litlhaka kahare amino acid e le repetitive litlamo peptide. Ka lebaka leo, ba ile ba ba boetse o bitsoa polypeptides.

Hangata, liprotheine ka ba le e se feela mong empa 'maloa polypeptide liketane le bopilwe likete-kete litlhaka kahare amino acid e. Ho feta moo, liprotheine le bonolo le le di proteid ea nang le bokhoni thatafatsa phetolo bona tlhaloganya sebaka. Sena se etsa e seng feela sa mathomo, empa hape mahareng, e phahameng le esita le sebopeho quaternary. A re hlahlobeng sena ka ho qaqileng le ho feta. Ho tsoela pele ho hlahloba potso ea hore na ke karolo protheine, fumana hore na ke eng e phetolo na molecule ena. Re ba fumane hore ketane polypeptide se se akaretsang sa plurality la litlamo tsa covalent lik'hemik'hale. Ho sebopeho sena o bitsoa ka sehloohong.

E phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho ditirisanommogo le boleng tsa hlophisoa-amino acid, hammoho le tatelano ea mabapi bona. sebopeho se mahareng hlaha ka motsotso oa Helix ena. Ho stabilizes tse ngata tse sa tsoa hlahella litlamo hydrogen.

maemo e phahameng ea mokhatlo oa protheine

sebopeho e phahameng e ka lebaka la mo diphuthelwaneng spiral foromo ea bolo - globules, mohlala, mesifa protheine myoglobin lesela na feela joalo sebopeho tlhaloganya sebaka. E tshehetswa ka e sa tsoa thehoa ka litlamo hydrogen, 'me litlamo tsa disulfide (haeba litlhaka kahare cysteine e akarelletsa' maloa protheine molek'hule). foromo Quaternary - ena ke lebaka la kopantseng ka sebopeho e le 'ngoe globules maloa protheine ke mefuta e mecha ea ditshebeditsano, tse kang hydrophobic kapa electrostatic. Hammoho le peptides le sebopeho quaternary e akarelletsa karolo e itseng nonproteinaceous. Tsena e ka 'na magnesium ions, tšepe, koporo kapa litlhaka kahare orthophosphate kapa acid nucleic, le lipids.

Features protheine biosynthesis

Re pele o ile a tseba hore na ho na le protheine. E hahiloe tsa latellana joang amino acid e. phutheho ea bona ka ketane polypeptide etsahala ribosomes e - bao e seng lera organelles, limela le liphoofolo liseleng. Ka biosynthesis tsa molek'hule ena e boetse e na le tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le e amehang le phetiso RNA. Pele ke thempleite bakeng sa protheine kopano 'me ea bobeli ho fetisa acid e sa tšoaneng amino. ho na le e le bothata ka tshebetso ya ho biosynthesis lisele, e leng, protheine e na le nucleotides kapa-amino acid? Karabo e bonolo - e polypeptides ea ba le bonolo le le rarahaneng bopilwe metsoako amphoteric manyolo --amino acid. Ka potoloho ea bophelo ea lisele , ho na le linako tsa mosebetsi lona ha tswakana protheine nka beha haholo-holo a sebetsang. Sena seo ho thoeng ke sethaleng J1 le J2 interphase. Ka nako ena, ka seleng o hōla ka mafolofolo le ho hloka e ngata ea lintho tse bonahalang ho haha, e leng ke protheine. Ho feta moo, ka lebaka la mitotic qetellang ka foromo ba babeli lisele tse morali, mong le e mong eo e hloka e khōlō palo ya dintho manyolo, leha ho le joalo ka metjha e le boreleli endoplasmic reticulum sebetsang tswakana tsa lipids le lik'habohaedreite, 'me ka granular EPM le hlaha biosynthesis liprotheine.

Mesebetsi ya liprotheine

Ho tseba seo e etsa ho fihlela protheine, ho ka hlalosoa e le mefuta e fapaneng ea tonanahali ea mefuta e, 'me e ikhethang thepa ea tlholeho ka dintho tsena. Liprotheine phetha ka gorole le mefuta e fapaneng ya mesebetsi, tse kang kaho ya, e le karolo ea lera la lisele tsohle le organelles: mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, Golgi rarahaneng, 'me joalo-joalo. peptides kang gamoglobuliny kapa antibody - ke mehlala ea liprotheine tse bonolo tse phetha mosebetsi e sireletsang. Ka mantsoe a mang, maloetseng lisele - sena ke ka lebaka la ketso ya dintho tsena. A protheine rarahaneng - Keyhole, hammoho le haemoglobin, o phethahatsa ho tsamaisa phoofolo mosebetsi, ke hore, le moelelo oksijene maling. Hoehla liprotheine tse etsang lera seleng, tlhahisoleseding seleng ea ho fana ka dintho tse, leka ho fumana ka cytoplasm hae. Albumin peptide o ikarabella ho entsprechen motheo oa mali, ka mohlala, bakeng sa matla a ho clot. Protein ovalbumin setokong mahe ka gorole e le mohloli o ka sehloohong oa limatlafatsi.

Liprotheine - motheong oa cytoskeleton seleng ea

E mong oa mesebetsi ea bohlokoa ka ho ya peptides - tšehetso. Ke ea bohlokoa haholo ho ho boloka le sebopeho le bophahamo ba modumo ea lisele tse phelang. Seo ho thoeng ke sebopeho submembrane - microtubules le microfilaments lohellana ya ho theha e masapo hare ea lisele. Liprotheine kenyelelitsoe sebopeho bona, mohlala, tubulin, ka hang-hang ho a petetswa le a otlolla. Sena se thusa seleng ho boloka sebopeho lona ka deformations phetha molao feela.

Liseleng semela, hammoho le liprotheine hyaloplasm, ho tšehetsa mosebetsi hape sebetsa palesa cytoplasm - plasmodesmata. Ea fetang ka pores leboteng ka seleng, ba etsa hore kamano e pakeng tsa 'maloa tsa dibopeho mogodisa lisele hore etsa dimela dinama tse nyenyane tse.

Enzyme - ka boleng ba sebele ba nang le protheine tlhaho

E mong oa thepa ea bohlokoahali liprotheine - e le hantle bona ka tekanyo ea lik'hemik'hale. liprotheine mantlha ba khona ho mokhoa o sa fellang denature - unwinding thulaganyou e molecule ka e phahameng kapa quaternary sebopeho. E tšoanang haholo polypeptide ketane e sa robehile. Leeme denaturation tsehelitseng bobeli le pontšo le mosebetsi catalytic tsa protheine ena. The thepa e qetellang ke bokhoni ba enzyme ho susumetsa sekhahla a itšoare skeletal ka khubung le cytoplasm ea lisele. Peptides eo, lehlakoreng le leng, ho fokotsa tekanyo ea dithulaganyo lik'hemik'hale se bitsoe enzyme le inhibitors. Ka mohlala, e bonolo protheine Catalase ke potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale eo eketsa petsoha peroxide hydrogen ya dintho tse chefo. E ya hlahiswa e le qetellong sehlahisoa a itšoare tse ngata tsa lik'hemik'hale. Catalase eketsa lahla lona ho dintho nke lehlakore, metsi le oksijene.

thepa ea liprotheine

The peptides ba classified ka litsela tse ngata. Ka mohlala, mabapi le metsi a ka aroloa hydrophilic le hydrophobic. Mocheso hape ka tsela e fapaneng ama sebopeho le thepa ea limolek'hule le protheine. Mohlala, keratin protheine - le moriri o le Nail motsoako ka mamella mocheso bobeli tlaase le phahameng, i.e. ke thermolabile. Empa protheine ovalbumin, eo ho builoeng ka eena pejana, ha halefile ho 80-100 ° C e timetsoa ka ho feletseng. Sena se bolela hore e aroha mohaho o ka sehloohong oa litlhaka kahare ho amino acid e. Tshebetso ena o bitsoa timetso. Eng kapa eng eo maemo a, re aa ka a bōpa, ka mokgwa letsoalloa la liforomo tsa protheine ka ha ho joalo. Motor protheine - actin le milozin teng likhoele le mesifa. khutsufatso bona moemedi wa sona le boikhathollo ke motheo oa mosebetsi oa mesifa.