Mokhoa halofo itšoara joang:-tharabololo

Tse ngata dithulaganyo lik'hemik'hale lekoa ka likhato li fetohele tsa ho kena moea tsa liathomo tseo etsa motsoako arabelang. Ngola ditekanyo liphetoho redox mofuta hangata tsamaea le bothata ba ho behela coefficients pele e mong le e moralo dintho. Bakeng sa morero ona, mekhoa di ntshetswa pele e amanang le ho leka-lekana ea elektronike kapa tsa elektronike-ionic qoso kabo. Sehlooho seo se hlalosa tsela ea bobeli ho fihlela ditekanyo ena.

halofo itsoara joang ka mokhoa, motheo oa

O boetse o bitsoa le elektrone e-Ion ho leka-lekana kabo coefficient multipliers. E Thehiloe ho mokhoa oa ho fapanyetsana likaroloana hlonamisitsoe qosoa pakeng anions kapa cations ka ho shoa hoa mahareng le boleng fapaneng ph.

Ka liphetoho la oxidative le reductive electrolyte mofuta kopanela ions mpe kapa tefo khothatsang. Ditekanyo limolek'hule Ion mefuta, motheong halofo mokhoa karabelong e amehang, a bontša ka ho hlaka ha e le hantle ya thulaganyou e le teng.

Ya ho theha le ho leka-lekana ea electrolyte sebedisa khethehileng notation kgokahanyo matla joaloka likaroloana ionic le dikgokelo hlephileng, 'me mobung khase ka sebōpeho sa limolek'hule undissociated. Sebopeho lokela ho bontsha lipotoloho likaroloana tseo fetola lengolo la bona la ho kena moea. Ho fumana hore na ho shoa hoa mahareng ka ho leka-lekana bolela asiti (H ^+), a alkali (OH ^-) le ho se nke lehlakore (H ₂ O) maemo.

Bakeng sa seo sebelisoa?

The mokhoa WRA e tobisitsoe ho ditekanyo halofo itsoara joang ka ngolla ionic ka thoko bakeng sa e hlophisitsweng, ho kena moea le phokotseho. Ho ba le botsitso ho qetela e tla chelete bona.

mekhahlelo kenngwa tshebetsong

Mongolo o peculiarities ya hae halofo itsoara joang ka mokhoa oa eona. The-tharabololo kenyelletsa ditokiseletso sebelisa litlhahiso tse latelang:

- Mohato oa pele ke ho ngola fatše mekhoa bakeng sa reactants tsohle. Mohlala:

H ₂ S + KMnO ₄ + HCl

- Joale u lokela ho kenya tšobotsi ho tloha k'hemik'hale maikutlo, e mong le e motsoako oa tshebetso. Ka itšoara joang sena, KMnO ₄ liketso e le oxidizer, H ₂ S ke moemeli fokotsa le HCl hlalosa tikoloho asiti.

- The mohato boraro lokela ho ngoloa ka le lecha mola moralo metsoako ionic itšoara ka matla electrolyte bokgoni ba ka liathomo tseo ka tsona ho na le phetoho ea likhato tsa ho kena moea. Ka itšoara joang hona MnO ₄ ^- liketso e le moemeli oxidizing, H ₂ S ke fokotsa reagent le H ⁺ oxonium ealogy kapa H ₃ O ⁺ hlalosa tikoloho asiti. The gaseous, tiileng kapa fokolang electrolytic komponeng bontša senyeha mekhoa ea limolek'hule.

Ho tseba metsoako e qalang, ho leka ho fumana hore na mofuta ofe ya oxidizing le fokotsa moemeli a tla fokola 'me oxidized foromo, ka ho latellana. Ka linako tse ling lintho tse ho qetela li se li hlalosoa ka maemo, e leng ntsetso-peleng mosebetsi. The ditekanyo latelang li bontša phetoho H ₂ S (hydrogen sulfide) ho S (sebabole), le anion MnO ₄ ^- ka MN ²⁺ ealogy.

Bakeng sa ho leka-lekana ea likaroloana le athomo e le letšehali le le letona karolo tikolohong asiti e eketsa ealogy hydrogen H ⁺ kapa metsi limolek'hule. The tharollo alkaline ile a phaella ka ions hydroxide OH ^- kapa H ₂ O.

MnO ₄ ^- → MN ²⁺

Ka tharollo ea athomo oksijene hammoho manganatnyh ions H ⁺ foromo limolek'hule metsi. Ho equalize palo ea metsoako e ngotsoeng ka abel ho: 8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- → 4H ₂ O + MN ^2+.

Ka mor'a moo, lekalekanyo o etsoang motlakase. Ho etsa sena, nahana ka kakaretso ho tefo setse sebakeng seo, e fellang kateng le lilemo li supileng, 'me ntan'o ba ho ba lehlakoreng le letona, exits tse peli. Ho leka-lekanya tshebetso e ekeletsoa thepa ho qala tse hlano likaroloana mpe: 8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- + 5e ^- → 4H ₂ O + MN ^2+. E fellang kateng le halofo itsoara joang ka hlaphoheloa.

Joale equalize palo ea liathomo ho ba ho kena moea tshebetso. Ena e phaella ka ho re ho na le tokelo cations lehlakoreng hydrogen: H ₂ S → 2H ^{+ +} S.

Mora leka-lekanya qoso o etsoa: H ₂ S -2e ^- → 2H ^{+ +} S. E bone hore ho qala metsoako timetsang likaroloana tse peli negative. E fellang kateng le halofo itsoara joang ka tsa tshebetso ho kena moea.

Ngola ditekanyo tse peli karolong e ngotsoeng e le mohala liheloe le liqoso lumela. Ho ea ka molao le boikemisetso ba multiple bonyane e khethileng bakeng sa e mong le e halofo itšoara joang wage hao. Ho ea khaphatseha ke oxidative le reductive abel.

Hona joale ho ka etsahala hore le phethe sehlogo ya maqephe a ka e 'meli, a phuthilweng le letšehali le le letona mahlakoreng hammoho le fokotsa palo ea mefuta e elektronike.

8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- + 5e ^- → 4H ₂ O + MN ²⁺ | 2

H ₂ ^{S -2e - → 2H + + S} | 5

16H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ ^{O + 2Mn 2+ + 10H + +} ya bo5

The abel sephetho le ka fokotsa palo ea H ⁺ 10: 6H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ O + 2Mn ²⁺ + ya bo5.

Re sheba mokhoa o nepahetseng oa ho leka-lekana ka Ion ke bala palo ea liathomo oksijene ho metsu 'me ka mor'a eona, eo e lekana le 8. Ho boetse hoa hlokahala ho netefatsa liqoso ho qetela,' me e mokhahlelo oa pele oa ho leka-lekana ka: (+6) + (-2) = +4. Haeba tsohle e lumellana, ho ngoliloe ka nepo.

mokhoa halofo karabelong e qetella ka phetoho ea ho tloha e ho rekota ea limolek'hule Ion ho abel ena. Bakeng sa e mong le e phatsa ea anion le ealogy karolo e itseng ea ho leka-lekana sala se fapaneng qoso kgethile Ion. Joale ba ba isoa lehlakoreng le letona, ka ka tsela e lekanang. Hona joale, ions ka amanang ho molek'hule lohle.

6H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ O + 2Mn ²⁺ + ya bo5

^{6Cl - + 2K + → 6Cl -} + 2K +

H ₂ S + KMnO ₄ + 6HCl → 8H ₂ O + 2MnCl ₂ + ya bo5 + 2KCl.

Etsa kopo mokhoa oa ho halofo ea liphetoho, ho-tharabololo e leng ho ngola abel limolek'hule, ho ka hammoho le mongolo mofuta wa tsa elektronike sekaleng.

Boikemisetso ba mahlahana oxidizing

karolo ea joalo e bapaloang ke mekhatlo ionic, athomo kapa limolek'hule hore fumana dieleketerone hlonamisitsoe qosoa. dintho Oxidising feta tsosoloso ka liphetoho e. Ba na le lintho tsa elektronike drawback, e leng e ka habonolo tlala. dithulaganyo tseo li akarelletsa redox halofo itšoara joang.

Sa dintho tsohle na le matla a ho hokela dieleketerone. Ke reagents matla oxidizing kenyeletsa:

• baemeli ba halogen;
• acid e kang nitric, sulfuric le selenium;
• potassium permanganate, dichromate, manganatny, chromate;
• mankanese tetravalent le oxides etella pele;
• silevera le Ion khauta;
• komponeng gaseous oksijene;
• divalent oxides koporo le monovalent silevera;
• chloride-e nang le metsoako ea letsoai;
• Krrish borena;
• peroxide hydrogen.

Boikemisetso ba fokotsa

karolo eo e leng oa ionic, athomo kapa limolek'hule likaroloana, e fana ka tefo negative. Ka liphetoho ho fokotsa lintho feta e le hantle oxidative holim 'bokaholimo ba matsoele tsa dieleketerone.

Na le ho fokotsa thepa :

• Baemeli ba tšepe tse ngata;
• metsoako tetravalent sebabole le sulfide haedrojene;
• acid halogen;
• tšepe, chromium le mankanese sulfate;
• stannous chloride;
• naetrojene-e nang le mahlahana a tse kang nitrous acid e, stannous oxide e, hydrazine le ammonia;
• k'habone tsa tlhaho le oxide e divalent;
• molek'hule haedrojene;
• asiti phosphorous.

Menyetla ya mokhoa oa ho le elektrone e-Ion

Ho ngola redox itšoara joang, mokhoa halofo karabelong e sebediswa hangata ho feta ba ea elektronike mofuta ho leka-lekana.

Sena ke ka lebaka la ho melemo ea ho mokhoa elektrone-Ion :

1. Ka nako ea ho ngola ba abel hlahloba ions sebele le metsoako eo e yo e le karolo ea tharollo.
2. U ke ke ua qalong na tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le ho fumana motsoako, ba ikemiselitse ka mekhahlelo ea ho qetela.
3. Ho ke ke ha dula e ya data hlokahala ka tekanyo e sa ho kena moea.
4. Ka lebaka la mokhoa oo ho ka etsahala ho tseba palo ea dieleketerone ameha ka halofo-itsoara joang ka ho fetola ph boleng ea tharollo.
5. Ke ditekanyo fokotswa mefuta ionic ithutile tšobotsi ea dithulaganyo le sebopeho sa metsoako sephetho.

Halofo itsoara joang ka tharollo acid e

Phetha dipalelo ka ions hydrogen feteletseng mamela le dikgato-tharabololo motheo. Mokhoa halofo itsoara joang ka acid e mahareng le ho rekota e qala karolo ea thulaganyou e le teng. Joale ba ne ba bontša ka mokgwa wa ea ditekanyo tsa mefuta e sa Ion ka ho latelwa le ho leka-lekana ea athomo le elektroniki qoso. Ka thoko e tlalehiloeng dithulaganyo tsa oxidative le botho ba reductive.

Ho go tsepanya ka nngeleng le oksijene ea athomo ka lehlakoreng le liphetoho le feteletseng e tlisa cations hydrogen lona. The tjhelete ya H ⁺ e lokela ho ba e lekaneng ea ho fumana metsi limolek'hule. Thoko khaello oksijene ngotsoe H ₂ O.

Ebe o atlehe ka tekano liathomo hydrogen le dieleketerone.

Etsa sehlogo tsa ditekanyo pele le ka mor'a motsu le tokisetso ea coefficients ena.

Phetha phokotsong o tšoanang oa ho ions le limolek'hule. Ke reagents se tlalehiloeng ka phaella moo kakaretso ea sieo abel sebetsa anionic le mefuta cationic. palo ea bona ka pel'a 'me ka mor'a motsu lokela tšoanang.

Abel OVR (halofo itsoara joang ka mokhoa) ho nkoa ho phethahala ha ngola ka o qetile pontšo ea mefuta e sa limolek'hule. Haufi le e mong le e motsoako e lokela ho ba ntlha e itseng.

Mehlala ea maemo asiti

Ba itšoara joang ea nitrite sodium le asiti chloric isang tlhahiso ea nitrate sodium le asiti hydrochloric. Bakeng sa tokisetso ea coefficients ho sebelisa mokhoa oa ho halofo ea liphetoho, mehlala ea mongolo ditekanyo amanang le sesupo sa tikoloho asiti.

Nano ₂ + HClO ₃ → Nano ₃ + HCl

ClO ₃ ^{- + 6H + + 6e - →} 3H ₂ O + CL ^- | 1

NO ₂ ^- + H ₂ O ^- 2e - → NO ₃ ^{- +} 2H + | 3

ClO ₃ ^{- +} 6H + + 3H ₂ O + 3NO ₂ ^- → 3H ₂ O + CL ^- + 3NO ₃ ^{- +} 6H +

ClO ₃ ^- + 3NO ₂ ^- → CL ^- + 3NO ₃ ^-

^{3Na + + H + → 3Na +} + H +

3NaNO ₂ + HClO ₃ → 3NaNO ₃ + HCl.

Ka mokhoa ona, ka nitrite tsa nitrate sodium e fumana, 'me ho tloha acid e ea chloric theha letsoai. Ho kena moea lengolo la liphetoho tse ka naetrojene 3 ho 5, 'me le qoso chloride 5 fetoha -1. lihlahisoa bobeli se theha e precipitate.

Halofo itšoara joang ka tikolohong e alkaline

Khanna dipalelo ha feteletseng hydroxide ions lumellana ho dipalelo tharollo asiti. Mokhoa halofo itsoara joang ka seaplane alkaline hape qala ho ntša metsoako ea tshebetso ka mokgwa wa ditekanyo ionic. Ho se tšoane hlokomela nakong ea tokiso ya oksijene athomo. Kahoo, ntle ho itsoara joang ka tsa lona le feteletseng limolek'hule tlisa metsi, 'me ho lehlakoreng le leng appends anions hydroxide.

The coefficient tsa molek'hule ea H ₂ O e bontša phapang ka palo ea oksijene pele le ka mor'a motsu, 'me bakeng sa ions OH ^- e habeli. Nakong moemeli ho kena moea ho sebeletsa e le ho fokotsa moemeli o O liathomo ke anions hydroxyl.

Mokhoa halofo itsoara joang ka qeta ho phetha mehato setseng ba-tharabololo, e leng tsamaisane le e hlophisitsweng, le eo na le feteletseng la acid e. Phello qetellong ke abel tsa mefuta e sa limolek'hule.

Mehlala bakeng mahareng alkaline

Ha ho kopanya a iodine litareng e le sodium hydroxide thehoa sodium iodide le iodate, ea limolek'hule metsi. Bakeng sa thulaganyou e ho leka-lekana ho sebelisa mokhoa halofo itšoara joang. Mehlala ea ditharollo a alkali na specifics bona e amanang le equalization oksijene athomo.

NaOH + Ke ₂ → Nai + NaIO ₃ + H ₂ O

Ke + ea e ^- → Ke ^- | 5

^{6OH - + Ke - 5e - →} Ke - + 3H ₂ O + io ₃ ^- | 1

Ke + 5I + 6OH ^- → 3H ₂ O + 5I ^- + io ₃ ^-

6Na ⁺ → Na ^{+ +} 5Na ⁺

6NaOH + 3I ₂ → 5NaI + NaIO ₃ + 3H ₂ O.

The lebaka la itšoara joang ke nyamele tsa bopherese coloration ya a iodine litareng e limolek'hule. Ho na le phetoho e ho kena moea boemo ba elements ho tloha 0 ho ea ho 1 le 5 ho theha iodide le sodium iodate.

Itsoara joang ka tikolohong e se nke lehlakore

Ka tloaelo le bolela dithulaganyo etsahalang hydrolysis le ho theha acid e letsoai fokolang (ka boleng ph pakeng tsa 6 le 7) kapa hanyenyane mantlha (ho ph 7 ho 8) tharollo.

mokhoa itsoara joang ka halofo ka mahareng se nke lehlakore e tlalehiloe version 'maloa.

Ka mokhoa oa pele ha a hlokomele letsoai hydrolysis. The mahareng e nkiloeng e le ho se nke lehlakore 'me ka ho le letsehali ea motsu nka metsi limolek'hule. Ka mothofatso sena, halofo ea liphetoho nka bakeng sa acid e, 'me e' ngoe - bakeng sa alkaline.

Mokhoa ea bobeli ke a loketse bakeng sa dithulaganyo ho eona ho ka etsahala ya ho theha e lekantsoeng ph boleng. Joale e ntan'o ba itsoara joang ka tsa mokhoa oa ho Ion-elektrone nkuwa ka tharollo alkaline kapa asiti.

MOHLALA nke lehlakore mahareng

Ha sulfide hydrogen komponeng le dichromate sodium ka metsi a fumana precipitate sebabole, sodium le terifalente hydroxide. Sena ke hore a arabele tloaelehileng bakeng sa tharollo nke lehlakore.

Na ₂ Kr ₂ O ₇ + H ₂ S + H2O → NaOH + S + Kr (OH) ₃

H ₂ ^{S - 2e - → S + H} + | 3

7H ₂ O + Kr ₂ O ₇ ^{2- + 6e - → 8OH - +} 2Cr (OH) ₃ | 1

7H ₂ O + 3H ₂ S + Kr ₂ O ₇ ^{2- → 3H + + bo3 + 2Cr} (OH) ₃ + 8OH ^-. Haedrojene cations le anions hydroxide ha li kopana, theha limolek'hule 6 ea metsi. Ba ile ba ka tlosoa ka ho le letona le ho le letšehali, siea feteletseng ho motsu.

H ₂ O + 3H ₂ S + Kr ₂ O ₇ ^2- → bo3 + 2Cr (OH) ₃ + 2OH ^-

2Na ⁺ → 2Na ⁺

Na ₂ Kr ₂ O ₇ + 3H ₂ S + H ₂ O → 2NaOH + bo3 + 2Cr ( OH) ₃

Qetellong ba itsoara joang ka ea precipitate tsa mebala chromium hydroxide putsoa le mosehla sebabole ka tharollo e alkaline le hydroxide sodium. Le matla a oxidative tsa elements S fetoha -2 ho 0, 'me ba qosoa ka ho chromium +6 sokolohela 3.