Mefuta ea liphoofolo: mehlala, lihlopha

Lefatšeng, ho na le mefuta e mengata ea mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea liphoofolo. E le hore u li utloisise, ho bohlokoa hore u ithute mokhoa ona, o akarelletsang mefuta, lihlopha le lihlopha. Mefuta ke mohato oa ho qetela oa karohano, ka hona nomoro ea bona e kholo haholo. Ho molemo ho nka mefuta e fokolang ea liphoofolo, tse nyenyane haholo. Ho ithuta mefuta e kenyelletsoeng ho tsona ho tla ba bonolo haholoanyane.

Liponche

Ka nako e telele liphoofolo tsena li nkoa e le limela. Saense e ithutile sebopeho sa eona morao tjena. Mofuta oa seponche o na le mefuta e mengata ea liphoofolo. Mehlala ea bona e ka thathamisoa ka nako e telele haholo. Baemeli ba lula ba le tikolohong ea metsing, empa ba fapane ka ntle ka tsela e tsotehang haholo. Liponche li ka shebahala joaloka likhahla tse se nang phihlelo, mahobe a teteaneng, makala kapa litopo. Ponahalo ea khalase ea liphoofolo tsena e shebahala e le ntle 'me e le' nete ea tlhaho - se bitsoang basketball ea Venus kapa leoatle la orange e bonahala e sa bulehe ebile e fetoloha. Li boetse li na le likarolo tse tloaelehileng - ka mohlala, liponche ha li sisinyehe haholo. Leha ho le joalo, mefuta e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e tseba ho fumana lijo ntle le mathata - ka ho feta ka 'mele oa metsi a hlollang, likokoana-hloko tse tsoang ho tsona libōpuoa tsena tse makatsang. Empa ntho e thahasellisang ka ho fetisisa ke hore ka tsietsi ea mabitso a liphoofolo tsena tse nang le mabitso a ntlo bakeng sa ho hlatsoa kapa ho hloekisa ha se kotsi: pele ho morero ona ba sebelisitse liponche tse phelang tse thusang letlalo 'me li ka ba bonolo haholo.

Liphio

Kahoo, ho thathamisa mefuta ea liphoofolo, mehlala e lokela ho aroloa ka likarolo ho ea ka mefuta ea tsona e ka sehloohong. Tse latelang - li-coelenterates, tse tlase li hlophisehile, 'mele ea tsona e na le likarolo tse peli feela tsa lisele. Mefuta eohle ea tsona, e nang le meeli e fokolang, e phela libakeng tse phelang metsing. Ka mohlala, ke hydroid ea Eudendrium, likorale tsa acropora kapa sophonophore ea physeophore. Tse ling tsa mefuta ena li na le ponahalo e ikhethang - tse ling li shebahala joaloka lifate tse nyenyane, ha tse ling li shebahala joaloka masiba a linonyana. Ho kopanya mokhoa oa bona oa ho lula likoloneng le sebōpeho sa 'mele - joalokaha ho totobetse ho tsoa lebitsong,' mele o le mong feela ke mala. Mefuta eohle e ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse peli: li-polyps li sebakeng se itseng, kapa jellyfish e ka tsamaeang.

Liphoofolo

Ho thathamisa mefuta ea liphoofolo, lethathamo la nako e telele haholo, ho bohlokoa ho bua ka mofuta ona. Liphuloane li ka ba tse teteaneng, li pota-pota le ho pota. Mefuta ena eohle e kopanya mohaho oa lihlopha tse 'maloa tsa lisele - ectoderm, endoderm le mesoderm. Ha ho na likotopo tsa 'mele ka liboko,' mele o na le parenchyma e etsang mesebetsi eohle e hlokahalang. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le phapang pakeng tsa mefuta ena. Liboko tse ngata li na le mokoana oa masapo, tse pota-potileng li na le mekhabiso e seng mekae feela ea nako e telele le ea methapo ea meriana, 'me ho li-ringed ho na le tsamaiso ea methapo ea mpa. Ho phaella moo, bobeli ba bona ba na le mokhoa o koaloang oa ho potoloha, oo ba bang ba se nang oona.

Shellfish

Ke habohlokoa hore u se ke ua ithuta mefuta-futa ea liphoofolo tsa khale. Phapanyetsano e kenyelletsa likokoanyana tse ngata tse tsoetseng pele, mohlala, li-mollusks. Ena ke mofuta o kenyelletsang palo e kholo ea mefuta. Tsena ke libōpuoa tse phelang leoatleng (li-oyster, li-octopus, li-mussels, squids), metsi a hloekileng (bezbuki, vivipants, likhoka tsa marango) kapa mobu o mongobo (likobe, slugs). Mefuta e mengata ea li-mollusks tsa mefuta e sa tšoaneng e fapane haholo, e ka ba e nyane haholo (limilimithara tse 'maloa feela) kapa e fihlella limithara tse fetang mashome a mabeli ka bolelele. Ba bangata ba phela bophelo bo sa feleng, empa ba bang ba ka tsamaea ka tsela e tsitsitseng. Tsena ke li-squid le mefuta e tšoanang ea liphoofolo. Khetho ea li-mollusks e boetse e akarelletsa mefuta e sa tšoaneng e kang cephalopods, bivalves le gastropods. Tse ling li na le khetla e nang le likaroloana tse 'maloa (horny le calcareous), empa ba bangata ba e lahlile nakong ea ho iphetola ha lintho. E kopanya mefuta ena eohle ea liphoofolo, eo mabitso a eona, ka tsela, a kenyelletsang likhoka, squid le sebopeho sa tsamaiso ea lijo. E na le likarohano tse tharo tse nang le malapa a pele, a bohareng le a morao. Batho ba bang ba fapana le leleme la mesifa le li-denticles, ha ba bang ba fepa ka tsela e se nang letho, feela ka ho hloekisa lijo tse tsoang ho aqueous suspension ka gills. Ho mefuta eohle, tsamaiso ea potoloho ha ea koaloa 'me e kenyelletsa likepe le pelo e nang le atria tse ngata le ventricle. Likokoana-hloko tsa metsi li phefumoloha li-gill, tsa lefatse - matšoafo. Lenaneo la excretory le emeloa ke liphio, 'me tsamaiso ea methapo e emeloa ke lits'ebeletso tse arohaneng le gangliana tse ngata tse kholo.

Li-arthropods

Ho thathamisa mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea liphoofolo, lethathamo le ke ke la phethoa ntle le ho bua ka likokoana-hloko tsena. Li-arthropods ke li-centipedes, liphepheng, li-spider le crayfish. Ka molao, tsena ke liphoofolo tse peli tse tsamaeang hantle tse nang le 'mele o arotsoe likarolo. 'Mele o koahetsoe ke sekhahla se entsoeng ka chitin, se sebetsang e le masapo a ka ntle le tšireletso bakeng sa' mele. Kaha sehlopha sena se kenyelletsa mefuta e fapa-fapaneng ea liphoofolo, mehlala ea tsamaiso ea ho hema e ka hanyetsana haholo - tsena ke bobeli le matšoafo. Baemeli bohle ba na le tsamaiso ea ho potoloha e sa tsejoeng. Sebopeho sa 'mele se ka ba sa fapaneng. Ka tloaelo, 'mele o na le likarolo tse' maloa: hlooho, sefuba le mpa - li na le mefuta ena eohle ea liphoofolo. Mehlala, leha ho le joalo, e kenyeletsa mefuta-futa e mengata: ka likhohlopo, hlooho le sefuba li kopantsoe le mpa, ha li ntse li le likarolong tsa mites li ke ke tsa aroloa.

Moelelo

Mefuta e tloaelehileng le e tsejoang haholo ea liphoofolo, litšoantšo tseo e mong le e mong a li boneng, ke tsa mofuta ona. E phahame mme e nka ho ba le skeletal axis, neural tube. Mofuta ona o kenyelletsa mefuta e meraro ea mefuta-futa ea likokoana-hloko: likhetla, likokoana-hloko le likokoana-hloko. Mefuta ea pele ea liphoofolo, mehlala ea eona e sa tsejoeng ho feta ea morao-rao, hangata e lula sebakeng sa maoatle mme e lula libakeng tsa likolone. Ba na le mefuta e mengata ea mefuta-futa kapa ea mokotla, tsamaiso ea methapo ea lik'hiloone le litho tsa 'mele tse sa tsoetseng pele. Likokoana-hloko tse joalo li kenyelletsa mefuta e latelang: mefuta e mengata ea liphoofolo, li-pyrosomes, li-pyrosomes le tse ling. Libōpuoa tsena li ata ka litsela tse sa tšoaneng, li fepa li-algae, liphoofolo tse nyenyane, li-detritus. Hoa thahasellisa hore sebōpeho sa batho ba baholo se nolofalitsoe, empa li-larvae li sebetsa haholo ebile li fapane le litho tsa 'mele. Tlhaselo ha e na hlooho e ikhethang, e khethollang lebitso la eona. Phefumoloha ka majoe 'me u se na baemeli ba bangata haholo, tse tummeng ka ho fetisisa ke lancelet. Qetellong, li-animal matšoao ke liphoofolo tse tummeng ka ho fetisisa le tse tsoetseng pele . Ho na le mefuta eohle ea liphoofolo tse ruuoang, litlhapi, linonyana, li-amphibia le lihahabi. Mofuta ona o hlahile mehleng ea pele. Ka nako eo, batho ba tseba mefuta e likete tse mashome a mahlano ea likokoana-hloko.