Kutloelo-bohloko kutu: sebopeho le mosebetsi

Kutloelo-bohloko methapo ea kutlo kutu ke o mong oa metsoako e sa le kutloelo-bohloko tsamaiso ea methapo karolo pheriferale.

sebopeho

Ho latela sebōpeho sa ka kutloelo-bohloko kutu (Truncus sympathicus), 'me e ke para nodes tse amanang mong ho e mong ka ho likhoele le kutloelo-bohloko. ya data thuto leng teng ka lehlakoreng la ka ea karolong e ngotsoeng lesapo la mokokotlo ka bolelele ba eona kaofela.

E 'ngoe ea kutu noute le kutloelo-bohloko - assemblage ena autonomic methapo ea kutlo ho phetha ho switjha likhoele preganglionic (e khōloanyane karolo ya lona) hore hlaha ho tswa ho thapo lesapo la mokokotlo, eaba ba etsa e tšoeu tlohang lekala.

The likhoele ka holimo o ile a hlalosa a ikopanya le lisele tse lekanang unit trust ba ka entsoe ka makala a hara-noute e below- kapa vysheraspolagayuschiysya le kutloelo-bohloko kutu noute.

O ile a lokisetsa tlohang makala soeufalitse lumbar holimo le thoracic. The sacral, tlaase lumbar le nodes cervical la mofuta ona ha le makala.

Ntle ho moo makala a tšoeu, tse ka thōko e le bohlooho o tlohang lekala, eo akarelletsa boholo ba ba le kutloelo-bohloko postganglionic faeba le methapo lesapo la mokokotlo amanang le likopanong tse khōlō le moqomo. makala a joalo ho ea e mong le e tsa methapo ea kutlo lesapo la mokokotlo, a tloha ho e mong le e ba le kutloelo-bohloko nodes kutu. E le karolo ea methapo ea kutlo eo ba neng ba tsamaea ho makala innervated (litsoelesa le boreleli le mesifa striated).

E le karolo ea kutu le kutloelo-bohloko (human anatomy) emisitswe tse sa mafapha a latelang:

1. Sacral.
2. Lumbar.
3. Sefubeng.
4. Molala.

mesebetsi

Ho ea ka lihlopha tsa kutu le kutloelo-bohloko 'me methapo ea kutlo lona constituent ganglia,' me ho na le makgetha a ho 'maloa tsa thuto anatomical:

1. Innervation ya hlooho le molala, hammoho le taolo ea phokotseho ya lijana, ho fepa bona.
2. Innervation ea cavity thoracic (makala le kutloelo-bohloko kutu tloha nodes le akarelletsa ho hlophisoa ha methapo ea pleura, diaphragm, pericardium le sebete ligament).
3. Innervation tsa marako vascular (e entsoeng ka plexuses methapo ea kutlo) tloaelehile hore batho ba carotid, thyroid le subclavian methapo le aorta.
4. Connect with akira theo gun methapo ea kutlo ganglion methapo ea kutlo.
5. Kenya letsoho ha ho sebopeho sa ea celiac, aortic, renal le phahametse mesenteric akira theo gun.
6. Innervation tsa litho tsa pelvic ka lebaka la ketsahalo e sa makala a ea Lintoa tsa Bolumeli ganglia ea kutu le kutloelo-bohloko ka hypogastric akira theo gun tlaase.

The cervical le kutloelo-bohloko kutu karohano

E le karolo ea lesapo la mokokotlo cervical, ho na le diyuniti tse tharo: e ka tlaase, bohareng le e ka holimo. More e mong le ba bona ba ho ela hloko ka ho eketsehileng.

le noute holimo

Thuto fusiform litekanyo 20 * 5 limilimithara. E lutse ka 2-3 vertebrae cervical (otrostah bona leketla sefapanong) tlas'a fascia prespinal.

Ho tloha moo 'ho tloha noute tse supileng le makala a maholo tse postganglionic likhoele hore innervate makala a hlooho le molaleng:

• Tlohang makala bohlooho ho 1, 2, 3 cervical methapo lesapo la mokokotlo.
• N. jugularis (jugular methapo ea kutlo) e arotsoe makala tse 'maloa, tse peli tsa tsona li khomaretse ho glossopharyngeal le methapo vagus,' me e mong - ho methapo ea kutlo hypoglossal.
• N. caroticus internus (methapo ea kutlo e ka hare tšoeroe ke boroko) kena khetla le ka ntle ya ka hare carotid mothapo oa lebitso tšoanang le ho na le e bopa akira theo gun, e leng sebakeng sa ho kena ka mothapo oa lebitso tšoanang ka ya ntango kanale lesapo tloha likhoele le kutloelo-bohloko hore theha tebileng Stony methapo ea kutlo ea kanale pterygoid extending ka chesele masapo. Mora exiting le faeba le kanaleng hlokomolohile pterygopalatine fossa le ho ba setho ea postganglionic methapo parasympathetic tloha noute pterygopalatine, hammoho le ba methapo ea kutlo maxillary, 'me joale a romeletsa ho ba boholong sebakeng sena sa sefahleho. Ka le kanaleng tšoeroe ke boroko tloha somnolence hare makala akira theo gun ba arohana, eo phunyeletse akira theo gun le theha e tympanum. Ka hare lehata tšoeroe ke boroko (hare) tsoela ka akira theo gun cavernous, le likhoele tsa eona li aba ka methapo ea boko, eaba ba etsa akira theo gun mahlo bohareng bokong le anterior methapo bokong. Ho feta moo, cavernous akira theo gun romella lekala e amanang le likhoele parasympathetic parasympathetic ciliary noute le mesifa innervate dilating thaka.
• N. caroticus externus (the Link tšoeroe ke boroko methapo ea kutlo). O e bopa e akira theo gun ka ntle haufi le mothapo homonymous le makala a sona, e leng fana ka mali ho makala a molaleng, sefahleho, le Dura.
• Pharyngeal-laryngeal lijana ea lekala felehetsa pharyngeal leboteng le foromo pharyngeal akira theo gun.
• Cardiac methapo ea kutlo le fetisa haufi karolo e ka holimo ea cervical le kutloelo-bohloko kutu. The sefubeng cavity holim chelete cardiac akira theo gun, eo e teng tlasa khoro aortic.
• Makala tse karolo ea methapo ea kutlo phrenic. koalo bona o ile a lokisetsa ka komiki le ligaments ea sebete, pericardial, diaphragmatic parietal peritoneum, pleura le diaphragm.

karolelano unit trust

Thuto boholo bo 2 * 2 limilimithara, teng ka boemo ba 4 ba vertebrae cervical, sebakeng se moo intersect le carotid tloaelehile hore batho ba le mothapo tlaasana thyroid. noute Sena se etsa hore ho phahama ho mefuta e mene ea makala:

1. Tlohang makala moputsoa hore ea 5, 6 methapo lesapo la mokokotlo.
2. Karolelano ea pelo ea methapo ea kutlo, eo e teng ho ka morao ya carotid mothapo tloaelehileng. Ka cavity ea sefubeng methapo ea kutlo e ka setotsoana sebopeho sa akira theo gun cardiac (tebileng), eo e teng pakeng tsa trachea le khoro aortic.
3. Makala hore ho ameha ka mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa ea methapo ea kutlo akira theo gun subclavian, ho tloaelehile hore batho carotid le thyroid methapo tlaase.
4. Mezhduuzlovaya ea lekala hore e amana le maemo a hodimo cervical le kutloelo-bohloko moamoheli.

unit trust tlaase

Thuto e teng ka mor'a mothapo vertebral le subclavian holimo. Maemong a sa tloaelehang, ho kopantswe le noute pele le kutloelo-bohloko bitsoa kateng nakong eo stellate noute thoracic (cervico-thoracic). Lower kopano fana phahama ho makala a tšeletseng a:

1. Gray tlohang ea lekala extending ho ea 7, 8 cervical methapo lesapo la mokokotlo.
2. Ea lekala hore tsoela ho vertebralis akira theo gun, extending ka lehata le akira theo gun eaba ba etsa kamorao mothapo bokong le basilar akira theo gun.
3. Methapo ea pelo e ka tlaase, ho le letšehali leng ka mor'a aorta le letona - ho mothapo ho brachiocephalic le ho ameha ka sebopeho sa tse tebileng akira theo gun pelo.
4. Sprigs tsa karolo eo ea methapo ea kutlo phrenic, empa u se ke ua theha plexuses le a fedise ho diaphragm, pleura le pericardium.
5. Makala, tseo theha se le seng carotid mothapo akira theo gun.
6. Lekala ho mothapo ho subclavian.

morpheme

Sebopeho sa thoracic le kutloelo-bohloko kutu e na le ganglia thoracica (mammary nodes) - methapo ea kutlo Thuto e likhutlo li tharo sebopeho, e leng leshano ka melala costal ka mahlakoreng tsa vertebrae thoracic, e fascia hilar le pleura parietal.

Ho tswa ho ganglia thoracic tloha 6 lihlopha tse khōlō tsa makala:

1. White o tlohang lekala, eo se makala a tsoa methapo intercostal (metso ea tsona anterior) le phunyeletse ho nodes.
2. Gray tlohang makala tsoa ganglia le ba romeloa ho ea methapo intercostal.
3. Makala a mediastinum ena. Simoloha ho tloha 5 le kutloelo-bohloko e ka holimo Ganga le lekoa ka kamorao mediastinum kabelo, hammoho le likhoele tse ling eaba ba etsa le bronchial le esophageal akira theo gun.
4. Cardiac thoracic methapo. Simoloha ho tloha 4-5 ka holimo le kutloelo-bohloko ganglia, ho kopanela sebopeho sa aortic le tebileng pelo akira theo gun.
5. Splanchnic methapo ea kutlo e kholo. makala a bokella 5-9 thoracic le kutloelo-bohloko mafito 'me a koahela intrathoracic fascia. Ka ho buleha pakeng tsa lipakeng le medial methapo ea kutlo ea maoto diaphragm fetela le ka cavity ka mpeng 'me e qetella ka ganglia celiac akira theo gun. Sebopeho sa sena se akarelletsa palo e khōlō ea methapo ea kutlo likhoele preganglionic (tse lithuto tsa ka celiac ganglia akira theo gun ka likhoele postganglionic) le postganglionic hore se lithuto boemong thoracic ganglia ea kutu le kutloelo-bohloko.
6. Methapo ea kutlo tse nyenyane vnutrinostny. E thehoa ka nodes ea lekala 10-12. Ka diaphragm le e tobane le hanyenyane lateral n g. splanchnicus kgolo mme hape e le karolo ea celiac akira theo gun. Karolo ea likhoele preganglionic tsa methapo ea kutlo ena ho ganglia le kutloelo-bohloko li lithuto postganglionarnae, 'me ba bang ba lokela ho ba ho makala.

lumbar

Lumbar le kutloelo-bohloko kutu ganglia - sa hore ba bang, e le ntsetso-pele ea a ketane ea ganglia thoracic. Lumbar kenyelletsa ditokiseletso nodes 4 tse teng ka mahlakoreng a mabeli la mokokotlo ka bohale le ka hare la e kholo lumbar mesifa. Ka lehlakoreng le letona nodes lehlakoreng visualized supa ka ntle ho tloha vena cava tlaasana, le letšehali - supa ka ntle ho tloha aorta ena.

Makala a ya lumbar le kutloelo-bohloko kutu ke tsena:

1. White o tlohang makala extending ho tloha 1 le ea 2 methapo lumbar lesapo la mokokotlo 'me loketse ho 1 le ea 2 ganglia.
2. Gray tlohang lekala. Kopana le lumbar ganglia tsohle methapo lesapo la mokokotlo lumbar.
3. makala Lumbar splanchnic hore eketsa ho tloha ganglia tsohle mme o kenye e hypogastric ka holimo, celiac, aortic mpeng, renal le phahametse mesenteric akira theo gun.

sacral karolo

Karolo lowermost (ka ho latellana le kutloelo-bohloko kutu sebopeho sa naha) ke sacral karolo e kenyelletsa ditokiseletso mong unpaired coccygeal kopano le lipara tse 'nè tsa ganglia sacral. Nodes teng hanyenyane medial ho ka mekoting anterior sacral.

Ho na le makala a 'maloa ba le kabelo sacral ea kutu le kutloelo-bohloko:

1. Gray tlohang lekaleng 'me a tlangoa ka ho sacral methapo lesapo la mokokotlo.
2. Splanchnic methapo tse karolo ea plexuses autonomic ka noka ena. Visceral likhoele methapo ea kutlo ho tloha ya data eaba ba etsa e ka tlaase hypogastric akira theo gun, eo larileng ka ka makala tsa mothapo hare iliac leo ka lona phunyeletse ea methapo ea kutlo le kutloelo-bohloko ka ho litho tsa pelvic.