Biochemistry enzyme. Sebopeho, thepa le mesebetsi

Ka seleng ea mong le e mong phelang phelang, batho ba limilione lik'hemik'hale nka sebaka. E mong le e ba bona ba ke ea bohlokoa, e le hore ke habohlokoa hore re lule re lebelo la dithulaganyo tsa likokoana-hloko ka boemo ba phahameng. Hoo e ka bang mong le e mong karabelong e catalyzed ke potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale lona. ke eng enzyme? karolo ea bona ea ho gorole ka ke eng?

Enzyme. tlhaloso

Poleloana e reng "potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale" le tsoa Latin fermentum - tomoso. Ba ka boela ba bitsoa enzyme ho tswa ho Segerike en Khao zyme - "ka leaps le meeli."

Enzyme - dintho biologically mafolofolo, kahoo itsoara joang ka efe kapa efe etsahalang ka seleng, ke ke a etsa ntle le bona. metsoako tsena sebetsa jwalo ka etswa ha. Ka lebaka leo, potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale efe kapa efe e na le thepa ea ka sehloohong tse peli:

1) potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale eketsa itšoara joang skeletal, empa e sa chesa.

2) bohlokoa ba equilibrium kamehla ha a fetohe, empa feela eketsa katleho ya boleng ena.

Enzyme potlakisa liphetoho skeletal ka likete, 'me maemong a mang, ba limilione tse ka makhetlo a. Sena se bolela hore ka ho ba sieo ha ea tsamaiso potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale dithulaganyo tsohle intracellular e hoo e batlang e khaotsa ho, 'me seleng ea ka boeona e-shoa. Ka lebaka leo, karolo e phethoang ke enzyme e le metsoako a sebetsang a ke phahameng.

A mefuta e fapaneng ya enzyme etsa ho ka khoneha ho diversify laola metabolism seleng. Ka phorosela efe kapa efe a itšoare nkang karolo litlelase tse ngata tse sa tšoaneng tsa enzyme. etswa ha likokoana-hloko ba le selectivity phahameng ka conformation itseng tsa molek'hule ena. T. To. Hangata enzyme tse protheine tlhaho, ba ka e phahameng kapa quaternary sebopeho. Lebaka le leng ke hape le khethehileng la molek'hule ena.

Ho sebetsa ha enzyme ka seleng

Mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale le - matsapa ngollana itšoara joang. dithulaganyo efe kapa efe phorosela, kaha li bole kapele 'ea peroxide hydrogen le ho ipolaea glycolysis, hloka ho ba teng ha ka sethothetsi likokoana-hloko.

tshebetso e nepahetseng ka potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale fihlellwa phahameng khethehileng ho substrate itseng. Sena se bolela hore sethothetsi ka feela potlakisa itseng itsoara joang ka 'me ha ho feta, esita le ka tsela e tšoanang haholo. Ke tekanyo e ea khethehileng ea potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale, ho lihlopha tse latelang:

1)-enzyme le khethehileng ka ho feletseng ha catalyzed ke le 'ngoe itsoara joang ka a le mong feela. Mohlala, collagenase digests le collagen, le maltase cleaves maltose.

2)-enzyme le khethehileng e lekanyelitsoeng. Sena se akarelletsa dintho tse ka catalyze sehlopheng itseng a itšoare Ka mohlala, hydrolytic bokaholimo ba matsoele.

biocatalyst mosebetsi qala ka mabapi tsa setšeng sa eona a sebetsang a ho substrate ka. Ka nako e tšoanang bua ka sebelisana le tlatsetsang tšoanang le loko le senotlolo. Sena se bolela ho ka papali e tletseng ka substrate ea bopa le setsi sa sebetsang, e leng se etsang hore re khone ho eketsa lebelo ho itšoara joang.

Mohato o latelang e na le ka tsela ea ikutloa ka tsela ena. lebelo lona ea eketseha ka ketso tsa rarahaneng potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale. Qetellong, re fumana potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale, e leng le amahanngoa le lihlahisoa tsa ba itšoara joang.

sethaleng ho qetela - ho tlosa lihlahisoa ba itšoara joang ho tswa ho potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale le, ka mor'a moo setšeng a sebetsang a boela a fetoha free opereishene e 'ngoe.

Dira ditshwantsho, mosebetsi oa ho potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale ho e mong le e sethaleng ka ngotsweng e le:

1) S + E -> SE

2) SE -> sp,

3) sp, -> S + P, moo S - ke substrate, E - the potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale, 'me P - sehlahiswa.

tlhophiso ea enzyme

Ka 'mele oa motho, o ka fumana palo e kholo ea-enzyme. tsebo eohle ka mesebetsi ea bona le mosebetsing li ne li systematized, 'me ka lebaka leo ho ne ho e tlhophiso tloaelehileng, leo ka lona o ka habonolo fumana hore na ke sethothetsi ho khetheha. Mona ke litlelase tse tsheletseng tsa motheo tsa enzyme, hammoho le mehlala e meng ea subgroups.

1. Oxidoreductase.

Enzyme tsa sehlopha sena catalyze liphetoho redox. Kakaretso hlaphoheloa 17-potlana lihlopha. Oxidoreductases Hangata batho bao e seng protheine karolo feela vithamine kapa heme.

Har'a oxidoreductases e hangata ile a fumana subgroups latelang:

a) Dehydrogenase. Biochemistry-dehydrogenase potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale e khomarela liathomo hydrogen le fetisetsa ho substrate e 'ngoe. lesikeng Sena ke atileng ka ho fetisisa ka liphetoho la respiration, tala. E le karolo ea dehydrogenase ke hakaalo joale ka mokgwa wa coenzyme nad / NADH kapa flavoproteins feshene / FMN. Hangata ho na le tšepe ions. Mehlala e kenyeletsa enzyme tse kang tsitohromreduktazy, pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, 'me hape ba bangata ba sebete enzyme (lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase,' me joalo-joalo. D.).

b) oxidases. maloa ba enzyme catalyze go tlaleletsa ka oksijene ho hydrogen, oo ka oona lihlahisoa ba itšoara joang ka ba metsi kapa peroxide hydrogen (H ₂ 0, H ₂ 0 _2). Mehlala ea enzyme le cytochrome dihydrobenzophenanthridine, tyrosinase.

c) peroxidase le catalase - enzyme hore catalyze ho li bole kapele H ₂ O ₂ ho metsi le oksijene.

g) oxygenase. biocatalysts tsena potlakisa oksijene re inehele ho substrate ka. Dofamingidroksilaza - e mong oa mehlala ea enzyme joalo.

2. Transferases.

Shebiloeng enzyme tsa sehlopha sena ke fetiswa ha radicals ho tswa ho boleng ba sebele ba ntho mofani ho moamohedi ena.

a) methyltransferase. DNA methyltransferase - enzyme senotlolo hore laola tshebetso ya ho DNA boikatiso. Methylation nucleotides phetha karolo e khōlō ka molao oa tsamaiso ea mosebetsi oa nucleic acid e.

b) acyltransferase. Enzyme tsa lesikeng ena li isoa ho tloha molek'hule e 'ngoe ho sehlopha se seng acyl. Mehlala acyltransferases: lecithin-k'holeseterole acyltransferase (jarelang tshebetso sehlopha le tse mafura acid e ka k'holeseterole), lizofosfatidilholinatsiltransferaza (acyl sehlopha e isoa lysophosphatidylcholine).

c) aminotransferases - enzyme tse amehang tšokoloho ea-amino acid. Mehlala ea enzyme alanine aminotransferase eo catalyzes le tswakana tsa alanine tloha pyruvate le glutamate ke fetisetsa e amino sehlopha.

g) phosphotransferase. Enzyme catalyze go tlaleletsa ka sena-potlana sehlopha sa sehlopha phosphate. E mong lebitso phosphotransferase kinase, ke ho feta e tloaelehileng. Mehlala e kenyeletsa enzyme tse kang hexokinase le aspartate, tse khomaretse litlhaka kahare ho hexose phosphate (boholo tsoekere), le asiti aspartic , ka ho latellana.

3. Hydrolases - sehlopheng sa enzyme hore catalyze le bokaholimo ba matsoele la litlamo tsa ka molek'hule ea, lateloa ke tlaleletsa ka metsi. Dintho hore ho matleng a sehlopha sena - ka sehloohong tshilong ya dijo potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale.

a) esterases - roba litlamo Ester. Mohlala - lipases hore heletsa mafura.

b) glycosidases. Biochemistry enzyme letotong lena itšetlehile ka ho felisoa ha litlamo glycoside tsa polymers (oligosaccharides le polysaccharides). Mehlala: amylase, sucrase, maltase.

c) peptidase - enzyme hore catalyze ho sithabela liprotheine ho amino acid. enzyme Peptidase amanang kang pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, karboiksipeptidaza.

g) Amidases - khomarelana amide litlamo. Mehlala: .. Arginase, urease, glutaminase jj ba bangata amidase enzyme li fumanoa potoloho ornithine.

4. Lyases - enzyme bakeng sa mesebetsi e tshwanang le hydrolases Leha ho le joalo ka bokaholimo ba matsoele la litlamo tsa ka limolek'hule se chesa metsi. Enzyme tsa sehlopha sena kamehla ho ba le karolo ea kabelo bao e seng protheine, ho etsa mohlala, ka mokgwa wa divithamini B1 le B6.

a) decarboxylase. enzyme tsena sebetsa ka C-C tlamo e. Mehlala ke glutamic acid e decarboxylase kapa pyruvate decarboxylase.

b) hydratase le dehydratase - enzyme hore catalyze le bokaholimo ba matsoele tsa C-O litlamo.

c) amidine-lyases - timetsa C-N tlamo e. Mohlala: argininsuktsinatliaza.

g) R-O lyase. enzyme joalo a atisa ho khomaretse ka phosphate sehlopha tswa tse bonahalang substrate. MOHLALA: adenylyl cyclase.

Biochemistry tsa enzyme e thehiloeng sebopeho bona

E leng bokhoni ba ea e mong le potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale e laolwang ke motho, ke feela sebopeho hae tlholeho. potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale efe kapa efe - e haholo-holo protheine, 'me sebopeho sa eona' me tekanyo ea ho phutha bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho fumana mosebetsi oa eona.

E mong le e biocatalyst e tšoauoa ka ho ba teng ha setsi sa sebetsa, eo, le eena, e arotsoe libakeng tse 'maloa e ikhethang mosebetsi:

1) Catalytic Center - e leng sebaka se khethehileng tsa protheine, eo ho eona ho potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale ho khomareloe substrate ka. Ho itšetlehile ka conformation tsa protheine molek'hule setsi catalytic ka nka mefuta e fapaneng ya liforomo, e leng lokela tsamaisana le substrate hammoho le loko le senotlolo. Jwalo sebopeho rarahaneng o hlalosa lebaka leo ka potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale le protheine e ka boemo e phahameng kapa quaternary.

2) Adsorption Center - o sebeletsa e le "pane". Mona, qala ka oa ho buisana tsohle etsahala pakeng tsa molek'hule potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale le substrate molek'hule. Leha ho le joalo, kamano e hore e bopa e le setsi adsorption, fokola haholo, 'me kahoo ba itšoara joang catalytic ke reversible mothating ona.

3) litsi Allosteric ka teng e bohareng ba sebetsa ka mafolofolo, 'me ho pholletsa le holim kaofela potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale le. mosebetsi bona - molao oa tsamaiso ea potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale le. Molao oa tsamaiso ho etsahala ka tsela limolek'hule inhibitors le activators limolek'hule.

The activator liprotheine tlamang ho molek'hule potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale, potlakisa tšebetso ea oona. Inhibitors, ho fapana le hoo, thibela metsoako mosebetsi catalytic, 'me sena se ka etsahala ka litsela tse peli: ka ho molek'hule betsang ba ea sebakeng se bohareng allosteric ba setsi sa mesebetsi e amanang le potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale le (tlhōlisano thibelo) kapa e khomaretse sebakeng se seng sa protheine (noncompetitive thibelo). Tlhōlisano thibelo e nkoa e atlehang haholoanyane. Mora sebaka ka tsela eo koetsoeng bakeng sa substrate tlamang ho potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale, 'me sena ke khoneha feela ka taba ea ho iketsahaletse feela tjee e batlang e ka ho feletseng ba sesitisa molek'hule le theha setsi sa sebetsang.

Potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale hore hangata batho ha e akarelletsa ho-amino acid, empa hape ba lintho tse ling tse phelang le inorganic. Ka lebaka leo, tse ka thōko apoenzyme - proteinaceous karolo coenzyme - manyolo moiety le cofactor - part inorganic. Coenzyme ka emeloa ulgevodami, mafura, acid nucleic, divithamini. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho sebdisana Ntlha e - hangata tshehetso tšepe ions. mosebetsi potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale e laolwang ke sebopeho lona: dintho tse ling e ne e akarelletsa ho sebopeho, ho fetola thepa catalytic. Mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea enzyme - ke phello ea ho motsoako oa lintlha tsena tsohle theha e rarahaneng.

Molao oa tsamaiso ea mosebetsi oa enzyme

Enzyme e le ntho biologically mafolofolo nakong hase kamehla ho hlokahalang bakeng sa 'mele. Biochemistry tsa enzyme ke hore ba ka 'na tabeng ea ho tlōla dikatalise kotsi liseleng tse phelang. Ho thibela liphello tse kotsi 'mele-enzyme hlokahala hore ka tsela e itseng ho laola mosebetsi oa bona.

T. To. Enzyme tse protheine tlhaho, ha ba habonolo timetsoa ka thempereichara e phahameng. denaturation thulaganyou e ke reversible, empa ho ka 'na haholo ama ntho e.

ph hape phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka molao oa tsamaiso ea. mosebetsi lebetsoeng le potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale e ka kakaretso o ile a re ka ph nke lehlakore (7,0-7,2). O boetse o na enzyme e sebetsa feela tlas'a maemo a asiti kapa feela alkaline. Kahoo, ka lysosomes lisele hlokomelwa tlaase ph, moo ba ea pheletso mosebetsi oa enzyme hydrolytic. Ka ketsahalo ea ho ikopanya le phoso ka cytoplasm, moo tikoloho e haufi le ho se nke lehlakore, mosebetsi oa bona e tla fokotseha. tšireletso e joalo ho tloha "samopoedaniya" e thehiloeng litšobotsi tsa hydrolase ena.

Ho bua ka bohlokoa ba ho coenzyme le cofactor ka ho hlophisoa ha enzyme bohlokoa. Ho ba teng ha divithamini kapa ions tšepe haholo ama ea ka tšebetso ea ba bang enzyme e itseng.

Nomenclature tsa enzyme

enzyme tsohle tsa 'mele ba bitsoa ho ea ka bao e leng ba bona ba ho e' ngoe ea lihlopha, hammoho e le substrate tseo ba itšoara joang. Ka linako tse ling ho nomenclature hlophisitsoeng sebelisoa ha e mong, empa e 'meli ea substrate ka sehlooho sa eona.

Mehlala ya mabitso a ba bang ba enzyme:

1. Sebete enzyme: lactate degidrogen aza-glutamate-aza-degidrogen.
2. Feletseng lebitso la e hlophisitsoeng ea potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale le: lactate + nad-aza -oksidoredukt.

A sireletsa le ho sa reng letho mabitso, tseo u se ke ua khomarela melao ea nomenclature. Mehlala ke tshilong ya dijo enzyme: trypsin, chymotrypsin, pepsin.

Tsela ea tswakana tsa enzyme

Mesebetsi ya enzyme ikemiselitse esita le boemong ba liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ho tloha molek'hule e ka kakaretso -. Protheine, 'me tswakana lona ke e tsoanang hantle e le dithulaganyo tsa mongwalollo le phetolelo.

Tswakana enzyme le hlaha ka mokgwa o latelang. Qalong, DNA bala tlhahisoleseding e mabapi le ho potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale lakatsa ho theha mRNA. Messenger RNA encodes acid tsohle amino hore ke karolo ea potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale le. Molao oa tsamaiso ea enzyme le ka boela la hlaha ka boemo ba DNA, haeba sehlahisoa ea kamoo ba ileng ba catalyzed lekana emeisa phatsa ea lefutso mongwalollo le ho fapana le hoo, haeba ho na le ke ho hlokahale ka sehlahiswa, ho activates tshebetso mongwalollo.

Hang ha mRNA ile ea lokolloa ka cytoplasm e, ho ba sethaleng latelang - kgaso. Ka ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum tsa maiketsetso ketane mathomo e entsoeng ka-amino acid amahanngoa ka litlamo peptide. Leha ho le joalo, le protheine molek'hule ka sebopeho sa mathomo ka e e-s'o phetha mosebetsi lona enzymatic.

Mosebetsi potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale e itšetlehile ka hore mehaho e protheine. E tšoanang EPS protheine e etsahalang sotha, ka tsela eo eaba ba etsa pele mahareng ebe e phahameng sebopeho. The tswakana ba bang enzyme e emisoa mothating ona, empa ho ntlafatsa mosebetsi sethothetsi hangata hlokahala kamano le cofactor coenzyme.

Libakeng tse itseng tsa reticulum endoplasmic oa tla khomaretse dikarolo manyolo tsa potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale le: tsoekere, acid nucleic, mafura le divithamini. Ba bang ba enzyme ke ke sebetsa ntle le ho ba teng ha coenzyme ena.

Cofactor o phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho thehoe oa sebopeho quaternary ya protheine ena. Ba bang ba mesebetsi ya enzyme tse fumanehang feela ha protheine domain name mokgatlo. Ka lebaka leo, ke habohlokoa haholo bakeng sa ho ba teng ha quaternary bona sebopeho eo ka ho eona o tlohang kgokahanyo pakeng globules multiple protheine ke Ion tšepe.

liforomo tse ngata tsa enzyme

Ho na le maemo ha ho hlokahala ho ba teng ha enzyme tse 'maloa tseo catalyze ba itšoara joang e tšoanang, empa fapane le e mong le e tse ling tse ka tsela e itseng. Ka mohlala, potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale le ka sebetsa ka likhato tse 20, empa ka 0 likhato, o ke ke ba khona ho phetha mesebetsi ea lona. Seo a ka se etsa ka boemo bo joalo, 'mele oa e phelang ka thempereichara e tlaase?

bothata bona habonolo rarolloa ke ho ba teng ha enzyme tse 'maloa tseo catalyze ba itšoara joang e tšoanang, empa maemong a fapaneng le ho sebetsa. Ho na le mefuta e 'meli ea mefuta multiple tsa enzyme:

1. Isoenzymes. liprotheine tse joalo li khouthollotsweng ke liphatsa tsa lefutso e fapaneng, li entsoe ka acid e fapaneng amino, empa catalyze ba itšoara joang le 'ngoe.
2. Nete liforomo tse ngata. liprotheine tsena di transcribed tloha phatsa ea lefutso e tšoanang, empa ho etsahala ka peptides ribosomes phetolo. Ka khumo e hlahisoang liforomo tse 'maloa tsa ho potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale e tšoanang.

Ka lebaka leo, liforomo tse ngata tsa mofuta oa pele oa thehoa ka phahameng ka ho liphatsa tsa lefutso, ha ea bobeli - ka poso-translational.

e bolelang enzyme

Tshebediso ya metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale ka moriana theoha ho taba ea meriana e ncha, e le karolo ea seo dintho di se a ntse a e ngata e nepahetseng. Bo-rasaense ba e-s'o fumane tsela ea ho susumelletsa e tswakana ba sieo enzyme 'meleng, empa hona joale o ajoang lithethefatsi hore a ka etsa ho fihlela ka nako ya mosing bona.

enzyme tse fapa-fapaneng ka seleng ho catalyze palo e kholo ea liphetoho tse amanang le ho boloka bophelo. E mong oa baemeli ba tsena di enizmov nucleases group: endonuclease le exonuclease. Mosebetsi oa tsona ke ho ba le boemo ba lula acid nucleic ka seleng, tlosa DNA senyehileng le RNA.

Se ke la lebala ka lipono tse makatsang tsa hoama ea mali. E le tekanyo ea atlehang oa tšireletso, tshebetso e laoloa ke 'maloa a potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale. Sehloohong har'a eona e ke thrombin, e fetola khathetseng moeeng protheine fibrinogen ka fibrin mafolofolo. thread lona baka e mosa ea marangrang hore occludes sejana mo ntša kotsi site, ka tsela eo ho thibela mali ka tsela e feteletseng tahlehelo.

Enzyme li sebelisoa winemaking, ho ritela, tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tse ngata tse entsoeng ka lebese. Bakeng sa ho noa joala ho tloha tsoekere tomoso ka sebelisoa, Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa ketsahalo e atleha tshebetso ena le ntšang lekane ba bona ba.

Thahasellisang lintlha tse mabapi le seo u ne ke sa tsebe

- All tsa enzyme ea 'mele ea ho ba le e kholo ea boima ba - 5,000 ho 1.000.000 Da. Sena ke ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha protheine ka molek'hule ea. Bakeng sa papiso, ea boima ba 'mele ea limolek'hule tsa tsoekere - 180 E, le carbon dioxide - e leng kakaretso ea 44 Ho joalo.

- Ho fihlela joale, o ile a bula fetang 2000 enzyme tse fumanoang liseleng tsa lintho tse phelang tse sa tšoaneng. Leha ho le joalo, boholo ba lintho tsena ba sa ntse ba sa utloisise ka ho feletseng.

- mosebetsi potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale e sebediswa bakeng sa ho fumana e atlehang ho hlatsoa powders. Mona, potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale ho phethahatsa karolo ea tšoanang le 'meleng: ba heletsa taba manyolo,' me thepa ea sena se ba thusa ho matheba ntoa. E kgothaletswa ho sebelisa detergent joalo ka mocheso la ho se phahame ho feta likhato 50, ho seng joalo ho ka 'na ea tshebetso denaturation.

- Ho ea ka lipalo-palo, 20% ea batho ba lefatšeng ka bophara le bothata ba ho ho hloka leha e le efe ea enzyme e.

- Hoo e ka bang thepa ea enzyme tsejoa ka nako e telele, empa feela ka 1897, batho ba ka hlokomela hore ha e tomoso, 'me e ntsa ho tswa ho lisele tse ba bona ka sebelisoa bakeng sa belisoa ea tsoekere ka joala.