A mefuta e fapaneng ya dimela. ke ho fapafapana dimela mefuta efe

Peering ntle ka fensetere kapa feela tsamaea seterateng, o ka ho sa feleng tsota botle ba tlhaho. Le botle ena kaofela e entsoeng hantle dimela feela. Joalo mefuta e fapaneng ya e khanyang, e be e hlabollang le lero, ba feela li bitsa ame bona, thabela tatso ba bona le ho hongata hoo le ho tsota botle.

Ho se tšoane tsa lintho tse phelang dimela

Oh, seo ho na le mefuta e fapaneng ya dimela! Kakaretso ea ho letsatsi, ho na le tse fetang 350.000 mefuta ea liphoofolo tsena e ikhethang ea lintho tsa tlhaho. Kaofela ha bona ke ha ho tšoane le ho sebopeho ka ntle, 'me ka phela bophelo ba le litšobotsi tse ka hare.

Tsamaisong manyolo lefatše nka kaofela semela 'muso. The tlhophiso bonolo tsa lintho tse phelang tsena tla ba joalo:

• tlaase ( 'mele e arotsoe makala, sena dimelametsing le boriba);
• e phahameng (mele o e arotsoe makala, ba elang hore ba le motso, thibela le makhasi).

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, dimela mefuta fapafapana tsa sehlopha phahameng ka ho fetisisa ho bontšoa ka karohano ka lihlopha tse latelang:

1. Spore (mosses, ferns, horsetails, tlelabo mosses).
2. Gymnosperms (conifers, ginkgo biloba, sagovnikovye).
3. Angiosperms, kapa limela tse thunyang.

Sehlopha ka seng se na le ea eona e hlophisitsoeng litlelase, genera le mefuta e, e leng ke ke hobane'ng ha a sa tšoaneng ea limela ka polanete ea rōna e e khōlō haholo.

lintho tse phelang

E mong oa mabaka a ka sehloohong tseo baemeli ba limela le fapana ho e mong le e tse ling tse, ke ponahalo e ntle. Ke tšobotsi ena ea motheo bakeng sa tlhophiso ea lintho tse phelang tse. Plant mefuta-futa e ka bonoa, haeba re go arologana bona ka lihlopha tse:

1. Lifate (conifers: phaene, phaene, kalse mohbat le joaloka; deciduous: birch, a eike, phagocyte, apole, joalo-joalo).
2. Lihlahla (lilac, Hazel, Honeysuckle, 'me joalo-joalo. D.).
3. Lihlahla (currants, a ema letheka, tse tala).
4. Lihlahla (lengana, Astragalus, eurotia, Salsola).
5. Semishrubs (lavender, Sage).
6. Grass (moseme joang, sedge, lebala-na, Solomone tiiso, likhahla, joalo-joalo).

tlhophiso ena e akaretsa feela phahame angiosperm limela, tseo boholo ba lefatšeng.

dimelametsing

The tse fapa-fapaneng ea limela le liphoofolo ho maoatle le maoatleng haesale se khahloa ke bafuputsi ba tsohle le ba ratang lefatše ka tlas'a metsi. E ntle le e sa tloaelehang, tse mebala-bala, ba kotsi 'me mokhoa oa ho itšireletsa, ba etsa ho fihlela lefatše lohle, eseng ho feletseng unexplored, kahoo ebile le hohela le mohlolo.

Eng le baemeli ba limela le fumana moo? dimelametsing ena le limela tsa metsing, a 'na a ha a le holim' metsi kapa koahetsoe ka khutlela hae 'me a karolo ea bakoang ka.

Dimelametsing li arotsoe ka likarolo tse 'maloa:

1. Putsoa-tala (mohlala, cyanobacterium).
2. Unicellular tala (chlamydomonas, Volvox).
3. Tala multicellular (ulothrix, Spirogyra, Ulvi).
4. Kelp (fucus, kelp, Sargassum).
5. Khubelu (porphyry radimeriya).

Ka sehloohong khethollang litšobotsi tsa dimela tsena bopilwe ka 'nete ea hore' mele ea bona (ka baemeli ba multicellular) ha ba arotsoe ka litho tsa. E emeloang ke rhizoids le thallus, ho phetha ho sebetsa ha ea re inehele ho substrate ka.

Lipalesa lipapali metsi

Ho se tšoane ya dimela mefuta bao e leng ea mahareng ea metsi ha e felle feela dimelametsing. Ba bangata hakaale ba e ntle baemeli ba lipalesa thabela le ho tlotleha lona, phaphametseng ka holim'a metsi metsi kapa tebang ka ho sona feela karolo.

Tsena li akarelletsa:

• mefuta e fapaneng ya likhahla;
• calla;
• vodokras ba tloaelehileng;
• bulrush;
• hippuris;
• loosestrife monetchaty;
• amohela;
• Bolotnitsa nale;
• manna a;
• Urrutia metsi;
• Siberia iris e;
• metsi Ranunculus;
• Air Marsh le ba bang ba bangata.

Plant mefuta-futa e letsoai le 'mele metsi a hloekileng e moholo hoo u ka etsa naha kaofela, ka bobeli maiketsetso le tlhaho. Batho ba sebelisa limela ho khabisa aquariums, matangoana ya seporofesenale khabisitsoeng le mehloli e meng e entsoeng ke batho.

spore

sehlopha sena se akarelletsa ka 43 likete Mefuta ea mafapha a fapaneng. limela phahameng. Ba ka sehloohong ba ho latelang:

• Bryophyta (mosses, sebete, antotserotovye, jala Moss);
• Lycopsids (tlelabo mosses);
• Horsetail (Equisetum).

The tšobotsi ka sehloohong - e le tsela ea ho ikatisa, e leng ho fokotsa ho thehoe lisele tse khethehileng - hlobo. Hape thahasellisang ke taba ea hore limela tsena phela, a phethang alternation ea meloko e ka potoloho ea ntshetsopele ya bokgoni: molokong o mong ka thobalano diplobiont sporophyte gametophyte e nkeloa sebaka, le motlatsi le lengwe. baemeli ba joalo ha ba khone ho lipalesa le foromo dipeo le litholoana, 'me ka hona e matleng a hae ho dihlopha tsa spore. bophelo ba bona e itšetlehileng ka eona haholo ka metsi e le ho ikatisa le hlaha feela tikolohong e mongobo.

Baemeli ba na le moelelo oa bohlokoa moruo le a pharaletseng sebelisoa, eseng feela ka lintho tsa tlhaho, empa hape le ka bophelo ba motho. Le khabisitsoeng le, kopo moriana ke bohlokoa ba bona bakeng sa batho.

phaene

Conifers ke limela tse nang le litšobotsi tse latelang:

• makhasi a fetotsoe hore e be khethehileng sebopeho nale-joaloka le ba bitsoa "linalete";
• foromo bophelo ba dimela - lifate le lihlahla;
• sebopeho hare kotonda le oli tsa bohlokwa, halogenated le terpenes;
• dipeo ba thehoa, empa ha ho na lipalesa kile;
• peo kenyeleditsweng ka sekala sa dikhouno le pepesa, kahoo lebitso le leng - Gymnosperms.

Mefuta ea lifate phaene haholo, hoo e ka 630. Ba etsa monehelo moholo ho fapafapana akaretsang ea lefatše dimela, ke nako e telele-a phela le tsa bohlokoa sefate mefuta. Ho latela litlaleho tse ling, ho na le lifate phaene, e leng lilemo tse fetang le 5000! Ponahalo ea phaene enliven sebakeng leha e le efe, se thabelang le fascinates le botle bo hlollang tsa lona. The mefuta e atileng ka ho fetisisa li akarelletsa:

• phaene;
• ho ja;
• likedare;
• larch;
• cypresses;
• bohlano;
• junipere;
• japanese yew.

Ngoe ea litšobotsi ka sehloohong motle ea limela tsena e le hore ba ba lulang se le setala 'me le se ke la tšolla makhasi bona nakong ea mariha a batang nako (le mokhelo - larch).

Lipalesa limela, kapa angiosperms

Sena ke kholo ka ho fetisisa ho tsohle lihlopha hona joale e tsejoang ea limela, tseo hakanngoa mefuta e fetang 280 tse sekete. The tšobotsi ka sehloohong - e sebopeho sa ea lekala ho ikatisa ya lipalesa, e leng e na le sebopeho khethehileng ikamahanya le maemo bakeng sa ho ikatisa.

Palesa Bud, 'me peo ba thehoa, e leng e ka nako eo e sirelelitsoe ke dinama tse nyenyane tse fetal. Ke ka lebaka leo dimela tsena le ba bitsoa angiosperms. Ba Itlhahisa ka lipalesa tse joalo tse sa tšoaneng ka ponahalo, sebopeho, mmala corolla boholo hore a ka feela hlolloa le ho makatse hore ebe.

bohlokoa haholo e fanoeng ka lona har'a lipalesa limela le moriana. Ba thusa batho le liphoofolo khahlanong le mafu a sa tšoaneng ba na le tshusumetso ka hoo e ka bang tsohle tsamaiso ea 'mele.

Classification ya lipalesa le pharaletseng, kahoo re nahana feela lelapa atileng ka ho fetisisa tsa lihlopha tse peli ka sehloohong - monocots le dicots.

1. Monocotyledons: lijo-thollo (rye, koro, oats, mabele, nyalothe, poone), khahla (lalele, likhahla, grouse), onion (onion, konofolo, perennial Meadow joang bo).
2. Bipartite: Rosaceae (rosa, pere, plum, liapole, tala, fragole, ema), serurubele kapa legumes (matokomane, lupins, leoka, linaoa, lierekisi, clover, linaoa), cruciferous (hop, peto, mosetareta, horseradish , radish), begoon (ditamati, kapa tamati, pelepele, begoon, eggplant, petunia, joalo-joalo), Asteraceae (dandelions, daisies, cornflowers, sonobolomo, 'mè le stepmother,' me batho ba bang).

A mefuta e fapaneng ya lipalesa dimela ke e le kholo hore ba koahela tsohle ea sehlooho e tšoanang, ho hlakile, ke ke ha khoneha. Ka mor'a hore tsohle, mong le e mong lelapa la ka makholo le likete mefuta e, e na le litšobotsi tse ba lona motho ka sebopeho le ponahalo e ntle.

dimela noxious

Ka bomalimabe, ho sa tsotellehe botle bapisegeng ea limela tse ngata ho ba le matla thepa nang le chefo e, ke hore, ba ile ba ba nang le chefo e ka a sa tšoaneng concentrations na le dintho tse ka nyotobetsa kapa bolaea batho, liphoofolo le bohle mefuta e meng ea libōpuoa tse phelang.

Le baemeli ba joalo ba lokela ho tsebisa bana ho bongoaneng, hoo ba ileng ba utloisisa kamoo ho ka ba kotsi ka ntle lefatšeng. A mefuta e fapaneng ya dimela tsa chefo e, e kholo ka ho lekaneng, ho na le tse likete mefuta e. Ho lebitso feela tse seng kae e be baemeli ho tloaelehile hore batho:

• snowdrop lehloa;
• Hyacinth bochabela;
• hoetla crocus;
• daffodils;
• amaryllis;
• khahla ea phula;
• Poppy soporific;
• lamprocapnos;
• buttercup ho tloaelehile hore batho;
• iris e;
• dieffenbachia;
• rhododendrons;
• oleandere le ba bang ba bangata.

Ho hlakile hore sehlopha sena ka ho ngotsoe dimela le moriana. The lethal dose ea eketseha ea phekolo leha e le efe e ka ba chefo.

lipalesa carnivorous

Thahasellisang ke mokhoa oa phepelo ke tse ling tsa limela ya chesang e mongobo le ho equator ea lefatšeng. Ba insectivorous le ho phatlalatsa ha monko monate le e thabisang le e khathollang fetid. The mefuta e ka sehloohong:

• Venus flytrap;
• sundew;
• Nepenthes;
• Sarracenia;
• pemphigus;
• pinguicula.

Ntle, ba ile ba ba e thahasellisang haholo sebopeho le mmala khanyang. Ba na le mekgwa e fapaneng le lisebelisoa bakeng sa go therepa le a nahanisisa likokoanyana le litoeba e nyenyane.