The molekyler karabelong

Polymers - metsoako eo na le e phahameng ea limolek'hule boima fihla lilemong tse likete tse 'maloa tsa diyuniti. The molekyler itšoara joang ke motheo ea thepa ea kajeno fumana mosebetsi e fapaneng le thepa. Ba ka segokanyipalo tlaase ke tsoarellang haholo, ea khonang ho nolofatsa ha halefile le ha bonolo inehella lumele ho bōptjoa ke, e leng lumella ho fumana lihlahisoa tsa lithulusi tse sa tšoaneng le boholo bo. The polymers ke inert ho libakeng senyang, rua thepa ea motlakase li sireletsang serameng le ha corrode. Ka lebaka la thepa ea eona e ikhethang, e leng se ka habonolo fetola ka ho ba sethaleng sa tswakana e, ho sebelisa thepa ea kajeno polymeric lula hōlang.

Ha futhumatsang le tsidifatso tsa lihlahisoa tsa tlhahiso ea lik'hemik'hale le itšoare ka litsela tse peli.

Ba bang ba nolofatsa ha halefile le thatafatsa ha folisoa hape. thepa tseo li akarelletsa lihlahisoa tse thehiloeng ho lokisetsa tse larileng ka, ka mohlala, ho molekyler itsoara joang ka tsa alkenes, i.e., nhua polyethylene le polypropylene. Ba ba bitsoa thepa thermoplastic. Ho na le makgetha a ho tšoanang ka polyvinyl chloride le polystyrene.

Polymers ea mofuta o mong e ka halefile hang feela, kaha ba thatafatsa mora tsidifatso le ho feta ha nolofatsa tlas'a futhumatsang. thepa tsena li bitsoa thermosetting, ba kenyeletsa phenol-formaldehyde kapa halogenated urea-formaldehyde. Thermoplastics le thermosets na menyetla bona. Pele hlahisoa mofuta o granular. Ngoe ea bona, ka mor'a futhumatsang le softening dintho le hlahlelletse ya sebopeho leha e le efe, empa ba ke ke halefile nakong tshebetso. Ea bobeli etsoa ka Hrithik boima.

ethylene molekyler itsoara joang ka ngotsoe tjena: CH2 = CH2 → (-CH2-CH2-) n g. Tlas'a maemo a itseng, ka ho ba teng ha e initiator (ba mohau oksijene khase kapa tharollo ea peroxide manyolo ka oli) e bang teng pakeng tsa k'habone liathomo π-thae lekhalo (ho seng joalo le kamano e habeli) le komponeng pakeng n g-Nogo nomoro ea thehoa radicals free. The molekyler itsoara joang ka tsoela pele ke le mochine khōlō ketane. Boima limolek'hule tsa boitsebiso polymer ke ka ho toba e itšetlehileng ka n g palo, le lona e ntseng e eketseha e ntse e hōla. Ke fetola maemo a molekyler itšoara joang, le tswakana polyethylene opareitara e etsa ntho e itseng fumana lintho tse bonahalang e le thepa ea a lakatsa: fluidity (kapa qhibiliha, index), matla a, segokanyipalo, dielectric sa tahlehelo tangent, dielectric kamehla, 'me ba bang.

Tswakana ea phahameng khatello ea nhua polyethylene kapa molekyler karabelong e etsoa reactors autoclave kapa tubular ka thempereichara e ho fihlela ho 300 ° C le khatello ea 1000 ho 3000 ATM. Sena se lokolla palo e khōlō ea mocheso. E tlosoa ka metsi a chesang eo e fuoa e melena baki. Tekanyo ea ho hloka sekoli fuoa futhumatsa ho tlosa metsi itšetlehile haholo ka boleng ba polymeric lintho tse bonahalang le thulaganyo polokeho. Ha metsi a hampe hloekisa le na le litšila tse ngata (mohlala, letsoai thatafala ka k'halsiamo le magnesium cations, anions silicic acid e, chloride le, joalo-joalo), le melena baki thehoa mobung kapa tšepe qala ho corrode. Ka lebaka la liphetoho tse ka melena leboteng botenya ba mocheso dissipation ka mose holim'a lona e fetoha lekane, 'me mocheso oa maemo molekyler ka' na ba unmanageable. Ka keketseho e sekhahla ea ho kena moea mocheso oa polymer ka 'na la hlaha kapa li bole kapele le ho timetsoa ha melena ena.

The molekyler itšoara joang, ka lebaka la tseo nhua polyethylene thehoa, ka e nkang sebaka ka mocheso ka tlaase le ho hatelloa. Empa sena se hloka hore motho a sethothetsi. E nang le unreacted ethylene, e leng e ka nako eo arohane le polymer ka e ile pelletized, le nhua polyethylene hlahiswa tlas'a khatello e tlaase, exits le melena ka phofo, kapa ho ena le ho fanyeha ka hydrocarbon e solvent ha e phahameng khatello ea nhua polyethylene tswa melena ka exits qhibiliha. phofo eo e ile ea aroloa ho ba solvent le litšila hlatsoa ho tswa sethothetsi, ebe granulated le thepa e khethehileng e bitsoang extruder.

Kahoo, molekyler itsoara joang ka ea ethylene ho indasteri e sebelisoang bakeng sa tswakana polyethylene. GOST 16338-85 hlahisa tlaase khatello ea nhua polyethylene slurry le matshwao khase mohato, ho ea ka GOST 16337-77 lokolloa ka phahameng khatello ea nhua polyethylene autoclave kapa litempe tubular.