Mehlala ea likhohlano. mefuta kgohlano

Ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea mokhatlo morao-rao ke kgohlano ea sechaba ka ho fapafapana bohle ba eona. Mehlala ea likhohlano re kopana le hohle, ho qala ka quarrels tse nyenyane le ho ipolaea khohlano machaba. A le phello e 'ngoe ea likhohlano tsena - fundamentalism Islamic - ho nkoa ka boholo ba e' ngoe ea mathata a maholo a lefatše, e leng meeli le tšokelo ea World Ntoa III. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tsa tšimong ea specifics ea kgohlano ka phedisano le-kelello ketsahalo li bontšitse hore ho ke ke ho lekaneng e pharaletse ebile e rarahaneng ya kgopolo ya ho hlahloba pono e nepahetseng tsa lona ho ikhethang a ho timetsa.

Khopolo ea ho kgohlano

Ka ho fetisisa a atile tsebo ea saense li nkoa e le mekhoa e ba babeli ba ka sebopeho sa khohlano (Antsupov Together). Pele e hlalosa ho se lumellane ka khohlano tsa mekga e, maikutlo kapa mabotho; ea bobeli - ka e le thulana bo fapaneng maemo, lipakane tsa, lithahasello le maikutlo bafo sebelisana. Kahoo, tabeng ea pele ba nka mehlala ea likhohlano makgabane bophara etsahalang bobeli tse phelang le mofuta tse sa pheleng. Tabeng ea bobeli ho na le ho se lumellane plurilateral sehlopha sa batho. Ka tsela eo li hohlanang efe kapa efe e akarelletsa itseng mola sebelisana pakeng tsa bafo ba (kapa lihlopha ba bafo) ba nang le ka antagonism.

Sebopeho le khethehileng la ntoa

Mothehi oa paradigm lumellane le botho kakaretso ho nkoa L. Coser. E mong oa melemo ea ho ea khopolo ea hae e ho amohela le hore ho na le mehlala ea likhohlano tsa boleng positive, tshebetso. Ka mantsoe a mang, Coser pheha khang ea hore ntoa hase kamehla ketsahalo senyang - ho na le Maemong a moo ke habohlokoa bakeng sa ho bōptjoa maqhama hare ea tsamaiso e itseng, kapa bakeng sa ho boloka tshebedisano hara sechaba.

Sebopeho kgohlano foromo barupeluoa ba (bahanyetsi hanyetsa mahlakoreng), 'me liketso tsa bona, e le mofo boemo / Boemo ba kgohlano (mohlala - nkehile maikutlo ka dipalangwang tsa setjhaba),' me sephetho se lona. Taba ea ntoa hangata amana haufi-ufi le litlhoko tsa mekga e amehang, 'me bakeng sa ho fa khotsofalo seo ka sona ke ntoa. Mmoho ba ka hlophisitsoe ka lihlopha tse tharo tse ka sehloohong: 'meleng, tsa sechaba (boemo-karolo ea) le tsa moea. Khotsofalla le 'ngoe kapa o mong oa bohlokoa bakeng sa motho (s) hloka ka bonoa e le lisosa tsa liqabang.

Mehlala ea likhohlano typology

Kamoo NV Grishina bolela ka kelo-hloko tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa likhohlano mehlala e kenyeletsa e mengata e fapaneng haholo ea liketsahalo - ho tloha kgohlano a hlometseng le khohlano pakeng tsa lihlopha tse itseng tsa sechaba le ho fihlela ho hloka kutloano lenyalo. Ha ho tsotellehe hore, hore na ke ho khang ka paramenteng, kapa ntoa ea litakatso tsa botho. Ka kajeno naukoznanii ka fumana nomoro ea tonanahali ea classifications fapaneng, ho se khethollo ea e hlakileng pakeng tsa ho dikgopolo tsa "mefuta" le "mefuta" ea likhohlano. Mehlala ea lihlopha tseo ka bobeli ba atisa ho sebelisoa e le synonymes. Ho sa le joalo, ka rōna maikutlo a, e ke molemo ho abelwang karolo ya likarolo tse tharo tsa sehlooho ho typology likhohlano:

• Mefuta ea likhohlano;
• Mefuta ea likhohlano;
• mefuta e meng ea kgohlano.

E leng tšobotsi ea pele ke ka ho fetisisa mefuta e ka bophahamo ba modumo. E mong le e mofuta ka kenyelletsa mefuta e 'maloa ea likhohlano, e leng, le eena, a ka nka sebaka foromo e' ngoe kapa e 'ngoe.

Mefuta le Likhohlano

The mefuta e ka sehloohong ea likhohlano ke tse latelang:

• intrapersonal (intrapersonal);
• bokopanong (bokopanong);
• intergroup;
• khohlano pakeng tsa motho le sehlopha seo.

Kahoo, kgatello tabeng ena ke ka ho ba bafo (litho) tsa ntoa. Ka lehlakoreng le leng bokopanong, likhohlano intergroup le likhohlano pakeng tsa batho ka bomong 'me sehlopha sa ke mehlala ea likhohlano tsa sechaba. Khohlano pele ea sechaba, hammoho le intrapersonal le zookonfliktom, qolla tsoa ka mofuta fapaneng tsa Jeremane setsebi litabeng tsa kahisano Georg Simmel. Ka ba bang ba dikgopolo tse go feta tsa morao tjena tsa kgohlano intrapersonal e boetse e akarelletsa taba ea ho ea sechaba, e leng, leha ho le joalo, ke ntlha debatable.

Har'a lisosa tse ka sehloohong ea kgohlano ea sechaba e amohela ho abelwang karolo ya futsanehileng, ho se tšoane ka melao ea boitšoaro ba batho le moelelo oa taba labeled semantic, ho se tšoane ka boiphihlelo bophelo le boitšoaro, e leng mefokolo ea litšobotsi tse itseng tsa tlameletswe dikelellong tsa batho, 'me ba bang.

kgohlano intrapersonal

Ho bolela subjectively phihlelo lule hantle ha lesapo la mekhoa e itseng ka kelo-hloko ea motho ka mong (ditekolo, maikutlo, mesebetsi e amanang le 'me joalo-joalo. D.), ho kopana le balekane ba bona mosebetsing oa ho ntshetsopeleng (Mitin LM Kuzmenkova Ov). Ka mantsoe a mang, ho ke ke ke tsa thulana tlhotlheletsang itseng lihlopha, e leng a ke ke a khotsofatsoa (hlokomela) ka nako. Ka mohlala, motho a ke ke a rata mosebetsi oa hao, empa ke tšaba ho siea ka lebaka la tebello ea setseng sebetse. Ngoana a ka 'na ua lekeha hore u ho siyo sehlopha sa le ka nako e tšoanang tšaba ho otloa ka lebaka la eona,' me joalo-joalo. D.

Le eena, a mofuta ona wa kgohlano e ka ba mefuta e latelang (Antsupov Together, Shipilov AI):

• tšusumetso ( "Ke batla" le "batla");
• kgohlano ba sa tšoanelehe ho intša ho lekana ka maemo ( "Ke ka" le "ka");
• karolo e phethoang-bapala lipapali ( "tlameha" le "e lokela ho");
• kgohlano phethahala litakatso ( "Ke batla" le "Ke");
• ea boitšoaro ( "Ke batla" le "tlameha");
• tlwaetsa ( "li tlameha", "ka").

Kahoo, tlhophiso ena distinguishes mararo a ka sehloohong dikarolo botho sebopeho, a thulana le mong ho e mong: "Ke batla ho" (Ke batla), "ke na le" (it e lokela ho ba) le "Ke 'na" (I). Ha re bapisa khopolo ena le itseng sebopeho botho, ntshetswa pele ke Sigmund Freud ka psychoanalysis, re ka boloka kgohlano Eid (batla), Ego (I) le superego (hlokahala). Hape tabeng ena e bohlale ho hopola thekisetsano and analysis Erika Berna le abetsweng ba maemong a mararo tsa motho ka mong: ngoana (haelloang), batho ba baholo (I), motsoali e mong (ho ke ke ho hlokahala hore).

kgohlano bokopanong

mofuta ona e hlaha ka tabeng ea ho se lumellane le likhohlano pakeng tsa batho ka bomong. Har'a lintho tse e ka ho hlokomela hore ho nka sebaka ka "mona le hona joale" e ka ba le mabaka a sepheo le subjective, hammoho, e le busa, tšoauoa ka boikutlo bo phahameng amehang. mofuta bokopanong ka boela arotsoe ka mefuta e fapaneng tsa likhohlano.

Ka mohlala, ho itšetlehile ka specifics ea kamano ea kgatello pakeng tsa mekga e, likhohlano bokopanong ka aroloa likhohlano "paatsepama", "tse tshekaletseng" le "diagonale". Tabeng ea pele eo re tobaneng le kamano e tlase, ho etsa mohlala, e leng hlooho ea - mohiruoa e, tichere - thaka. Tabeng ea bobeli ho etsahala ha mekga ho kgohlano ka maoto fatše lekanang le ha ho ya mong le e nngwe - .. Co-basebetsi, balekane, eme moo, batho ba mocheng, joalo-joalo Likhohlano diagonale 'na ha hlaha pakeng tsa bahanyetsi ba leng kgatello e sa tobang - pakeng tsa ba ka sehloohong tšebeletso le on-mosebetsi karolo pakeng tsa jj phahameng le boraro a ka. (ha barupeluoa ba na le ka maemong a fapaneng boemong ba, empa o hlompha tlase se akarelletsa le e mong).

likhohlano bokopanong ka kenyeletsa re bona nako eohle ha ke tsa thulana le hlaha ka sebopeho khetheha tlhahiso ea mefuta tse kang (kgohlano lenyalo, motsoali-ngoana pakeng tsa bara le barali babo) lelapa, lehae la, bothateng mokhatlo (ka mohlala oa kgohlano tlhophiso pakeng mekhatlo lona hara sebelisana komporong), le ba bang.

kgohlano intergroup

Bakeng sa kgohlano intergroup e amohela ho thulana pakeng tsa litho tsa lihlopha tse sa tšoaneng tsa sechaba (kgolo, tse nyenyane le tse mahareng-boholo bo lekaneng), hammoho le pakeng tsa lihlopha tsena ka kakaretso. Tabeng ena hape ho bonolo ho abelwang karolo ya tsela e tšoanang e le lumellane mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng, ba ntlo ea (ha kgohlano amang baemeli ba 'maloa ba lihlopha tsa ba babeli kapa ho feta (mehlala Pakeng tsa basebetsi le tsamaiso, tsamaiso le bonngoeng, liithuti le mesuoe, joalo-joalo.) - mohlala ka masepala flats, le eena, dipalangwang tsa setjhaba le tse ling., d.).

U ka boela khetha mehlala ena ea likhohlano tsa sechaba ka boemo hara-sehlopha ka machaba, kagiso ya le tsa bolumeli. E mong le e ba mefuta eno ya koahela mafapha sephara ea baahi le e tšoauoa ka e-ba bolelele e khōlō ea nako. Ho phaella moo, mefuta e khethileng ka 'na na le botho ba phetoho. A sehlopha arohaneng ke likhohlano machaba (mehlala ea eo re neng re lula ba bonang litaba ka), ho akarelletsa le pakeng tsa e re motho eo le coalitions bona.

Khohlano pakeng tsa batho ka bomong 'me sehlopha sa

mofuta ona e ka tloaelo le hlaha ka ho le joalo moo motho ea se nang molekane le sehlopha sa hana ho nka bohato e le barupeluoa ba setseng, ka tsela eo ho bontša boitšoaro bo nonconformist. Ka a etsa ba bang ba ketso eo e nkoa e le e sa amoheleheng hore qholotsa lumellane sehlopha. Ka mohlala, karolo e filimi ka sebetsa Roland Bykov "ka lekarecheng" (1983), moo semelo khōlō, Lena Bessoltseva e khahlanong le sehlopha sa. Hape otla mohlala oa boitšoaro ba ka sehlopha Nonconformist susumelletsang motho kgohlano e bohloko qetello Setaliana rafilosofi Giordano Bruno.

mefuta e meng ea li hohlanang

sehlopha Sena se bolela e khethehileng e itseng hore theha ntoa. Har'a liforomo motheo oo ka monyetla oa ho ketsahalo ea ntoa, ke tse latelang (Samsonova N. V.): phehisanong (phehisanong) ba bolela, ba tsuo, gane go tsenelela, a teraekile, senya, a teraekile, tšebeliso e mpe (ho hlekefetsoa), mola, tšokelo, lehloeo encroachment , qobelloa, hlasela, ntoa (theha mokhatlo oa lipolotiki likhohlano). Mehlala phehisano le khang e ka boela ea fumanoa libakeng tsa saense, e leng hang hape ke bopaki ba le monyetla oa ho kgohlano hahang.

Bakeng sa mefuta eohle ea likhohlano, u ka ela hloko mogopolofela atamela ka sehloohong tse tharo:

• tšusumetso;
• situational;
• dikopanothutano.

tlhotlheletsang mokgwathupelo

Ho latela mokhoa ona, ba lehloeo la motho ea itseng kapa sehlopha se ka holimo ho bontša mathata 'ohle a lona ka hare. Ka mohlala, le Freud boemo ba autogruppovaya bora e ke keng ea qojoa ka lebaka la boemo bakeng sa ho sebelisana efe kapa efe hara-sehlopha, ho ba bokahohleng. Mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa bora ena - le mokhoa oa ho boloka botsitso ka hare le tshebedisano hara oa sehlopha seo. A ikhethang tabeng ena lula likhohlano tsa lipolotiki. Mehlala e ka fumanoa historing ea sebopeho sa mokhatlo oa Bofasista Jeremane le Italy (khopolo ea bophahamo ba morabe), hammoho le ka histori ea ntoa khahlanong le "lira tsa batho ba reng" ka nako ya la tsepe Stalin o. Freud amanang sebopeho mochine autogruppovoy bora ho "tsoang linaheng tse ling" le Oedipus rarahaneng, le tšekamelo ea tlhaho ea ho ba mabifi 'me boitsebiso ba maikutlo le moeta-pele oa sehlopha sa -. The "Ntate", joalo-joalo From le maikutlo tsa boitšoaro ka hore ho talingoe ho lintlha tse kang kgohlano hahang. Mehlala merabe le boima tšabo, Leha ho le joalo, ka ho hlaka a bontša ka monyetla oa ho rallying litho tsa sehlopha se le seng ka khohlano le tse ling.

The aggressiveness tsa khopolo mogopolofela tsa American setsebi sa kelello, Leonard Berkowitz ka o mong oa mekhoa e ka sehloohong ea likhohlano intergroup e dumellana a lekanyelitsoeng ho hloka lintho. Hore ke e 'ngoe ea lihlopha tsa ba hlahloba boemo ba bona sechabeng e le boemong bo eketsehileng ba sekisetsoang ha ho bapisoa le lihlopha tse ling. Ka ho hloka ena ke mong ka bona, e le ba sekisetsoang boemo ba ha e le hantle ka 'na se ke ua nepahetse.

mokgwathupelo situational

Mokhoa ona e tsepame lintlha ka ntle, boemo bona etsa hore ketsahalo e le khethehileng la ntoa. Kahoo, ka ho setsebi sa kelello, Turkish lithuto Muzaffer Sheriff li fumane hore bora ba sehlopha se le seng khahlanong le se seng e fokotsehile haholo haeba, ho ena le tlhōlisano di fuwa maemo bakeng sa ho sebelisana le (ho hlokahala hore ho kenya tshebetsong mesebetsi e kopanetsoeng eo ho eona phello e itšetlehile ka boiteko ba bona bo tloaelehileng ba hore na barupeluoa tsohle). Kahoo, Sheriff fumana hore lintlha tsa boemo bo, eo ho eona lihlopha sebelisana, ke ea makhaola-khang ho beha tšebelisano kapa tlhōlisano mofuta sebelisana intergroup.

mokgwathupelo dikopanothutano

Tabeng ena, kgatello e ka phetha karolo e ka sehloohong ea litsamaiso dikopanothutano (kelello) amehang khohlano mong ho e mong. Ho joalo, ka boemo ba kgohlano intergroup bora ba sehlopha se le seng khahlanong le e mong e se hakaalo hore e etsa hore ke sepheo kgohlano mesebetsi e amanang le (e bolela ka khopolo ea sebele ka likhohlano mmeedi ya tsela e situational). Ka lebaka leo, ha ho na le tšebelisano-'moho / tlhōlisano mofuta wa boemo e ba ntlha ea bohlokoa ka intergroup le ditshebeditsano bokopanong le etsahalang nakong Litlhophiso tsa hae sehlopha. Ba le bang, maikemisetso kakaretso ba ho rarolla liqabang pakeng tsa bahanyetsi - ho itšetlehileng ka sebopeho sa maikutlo ea sechaba hore kopanya le sehlopha le kenya letsoho hore ho hlōla khanyetso e tsoang bona.

Tedzhfel Turner le ntshetswa pele khopolo ka boitsebahatso ba sechaba, oo ka oona khohlano pakeng tsa lihlopha tseo tse seng lebaka hlokahalang tsa ho hloka toka ea sechaba (ho fapana le tlhotlheletsang mokgwathupelo). Tobane le ho hloka toka hona, batho ba na le monyetla oa ho khetha le 'ngoe kapa tse ling tsa litsela tsa ho hlōla eona.

Conflictological setso tsa botho

Ho sa tsotellehe hore hore na ho na le likhohlano tsa machaba, le mehlala ea tse ka ho hlaka ho fetisisa o ile a bontša tse senyang boitšoaro bo kgohlano mahlakoreng; kapa hore na re bua ka ka qabang nyenyane pakeng tsa basebetsi-'moho ke ea bohlokoa haholo ho bonahala tsela e molemo ka ho fetisisa. Bokhoni ba mahlakoreng farologang ho fumana ka sekisetsa ka thata boemo ba likhohlanong, ho thibela ba bona e senyang boitšoaro bo, bona litebello khoneha ea tšebelisano-'moho ka ho eketsehileng le bahanyetsi tsena - kaofela lintlha tsena ke senotlolo sa ho e khoneha tšoanelang sephetho. Ka nako e tšoanang, ho sa tsotellehe hore kamoo ho leng bohlokoa e ne e le kakaretso ea leano la tsa sechaba, moruo, setso le tsamaiso ea molao sechabeng, tšimoloho ea mokhoa ona ke batho ba bang ba itseng. Feela joalokaha le nōka e qala ho tswa ho le melapo e nyenyane.

Ho ka conflictological boitsebiso setso. Ngollana ya kgopolo ya ho akarelletsa ho le matla a le takatso ea motho ka mong ho ea ho thibela le ho etsa qeto ea likhohlano tsa sechaba (Samsonova N. V.). Tabeng ena e bohlale ho hopola taba ea "kgohlano hahang". Mehlala ea likhohlano jwale (nahana ka bona leotsa le atile mofuta) pontso ena le hoo, ho ba sieo ha sebelisana efe kapa efe hahang kgohlano. Tabeng ena, khopolo ea conflictological boitsebiso setso lokela ho ho nkoa ke ke feela le ha ho le ea mong oa maemo a bakeng sa homolog qeto ea liqabang sechabeng, empa hape e le ntho ea bohlokoa ea tlhokofatso ea mong le e mong ka bomong kajeno.