The meralo le rarahaneng "Kyiv qhobosheane"

"Kyiv Qhobosheane" - e rarahaneng ea liqhobosheane tsa motse-moholo oa Ukraine, thehoa ka lilemo tse makholo lesometlhano. Ho akarelletsa: Musiamo ea histori Second World Ntoa, semela "Arsenal", Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, 'me a mangata a mabota itšireletsa le lifate Kiev.

The sefika buka e ikhethang

Ke naha e sefika feela ho fortification le e 'ngoe ea liqhobosheane ea lefatše ho ea kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa letsopa tseo li ile tsa pholoha ho fihlela letsatsing le teng. Empa hase bohle ba tsebang moo Kiev qhobosheane. Ho e teng ka Hospital Street, 24a.

Ho na le ba nako le nako ho phethahatsa se secha ba lintho tse epolotsoeng nako ya Kievan RUS le linako Scythian. Nakong ea matsatsi a phomolo ka rarahaneng Kyiv qhobosheane (photo photo photo photo mona ka tlase) sethunya lumelise le ho hōlisa folakha. Ka leifo kamore, e leng ha a na e lekanang ka thepa lona mexri, 'mino le mantsiboea bongoling.

Qhobosheane ea Kievan RUS: a lintlha tse seng kae ho tloha historing ea

History e matlafatsang ba qala lilemong tsa bo-5th morao ho qhobosheane, teng ka Old Kiev Hill. Ka nako eo, ho ne ho matlafatsoa ke palisades, liforo le ramparts. Empa ka mor'a ho Kiev ea e-ba motse-moholo oa Kievan RUS, motse o ile a qala ho ntshetsa pele mokhoa oa liqhobosheane. likarolong tsohle tsa motse ba tshireletso tsa lona tsamaiso. Ka 1240, ka mor'a ho hlōloa ho, fumanoa ka Batu Khan, sohlokehileng liqhobosheane. sethaleng ea bona e ncha ea ho hōla e qala nakong ea Poland-Lithuanian pusong, ha a emisa qhobosheane (Lithuanian qhobosheane) on Horevitsa lithaba. A ntse a lula ba boholong Russia puso Kiev ho ile ha hahoa liqhobosheane tsa Pechersk ho Khreshchatyk. Ka mabotho a 1679 Cossack eteletsoe pele ke Samoilovych kopana Crypt Starokievsky le e matlafatsang, ka tsela eo ha thehoa e tlwaelehileng e khōlō qhobosheane. Pechersk citadel mathoasong a lilemo ea leshome le metso e robeli ile ka botlalo ka thata.

e rarahaneng

Kiev qhobosheane, eo e teng ka leralleng Pechersk, ho akarelletsa ho dikarolo tse tharo tsa sehlooho tsa tshireletso: The sepetlele le Vasilkovskoe matlafatsang, hammoho le ho citadel. Kaho ea qhobosheane, e leng o ile a qala ka lilemo tse Mathoasong a lekholo la ea leshome le metso e robeli, ho ne ho e loketseng ha e le hantle hore ea Russia Empire ile lokisetsa e Moholo Northern Ntoa. Ho ekelletsa moo Kiev tsebahatsoa e le ka sehloohong ntlha mosolotogamaano. Ka 1706 o ile a tla ho tla motseng, Peter ke, 'me o fumana sebaka bakeng sa liqhobosheane le lecha. Sebaka se loketseng ka ho fetisisa a reteleha ho Monastery Kiev-Pechersk. Ka selemo sa e tšoanang ka ho ba teng ha moemphera e ne e le thehoa feela ea molao ea lejoe la pele la qhobosheane ea, e leng nakong e tlang tla ba le bastion tsa qhobosheane Kiev. 'Me ka motsotsoana teng Kyiv Qhobosheane rarahaneng atereseng e loketseng haholo bakeng sa bahahlauli.

Baitlami e le letlotlo le mosolotogamaano

Kiev-Pechersk baitlami, ea mantlha ka sehloohong e matlafatsang Crypt, o ne a sa khetha ka tšohanyetso. O tloha qalong ea teng ne litora robust le mabota itšireletsa. From litaba ho eona e tsebahala hore se ka halofo 2nd ea lekholo la leshome le motso, baitlami ba ile ba pota-potiloe ke palisade ka. Lekholong la bolesomepedi le palisade ile oa nkeloa sebaka ke lerako lejoe, eo ka 1240 e ile ea timetsoa ka ho Mamongolia. Lekholong la supileng terata baitlami ne a ntse a entsoe ka lehong. E nako le nako e etselitsoeng liqhobosheane ramparts. Ho joalo, ka 1679 lebotho la Hetman Ivan Samoilovych pota baitlami ea emisoa embankments. lilemo tse mashome a mabeli hamorao, sa baitlami sireletsa mabota phahameng haholo le liheke 'maloa monyako le litora tse hlano, hammoho le le leng likereke khethehileng tsela ea heke. Ho fihlela joale, re pholoha Ivan Kushnikov, Onufrievskaya, South le ho penta mohaho. A hlomelloa le loopholes bunk litora e dumellana le leboteng. Itšireletsa marako a lejoe, a le ka tlase tse ka bang 3 limithara tse teteaneng, o ne a ba bolelele ba limithara tse ka bang tse supileng le a fedise sesole galleries teng ka dibopeho lipuo. Di ka hare li ne li entsoe ka mokgwa wa arcades.

Karolo e phethoang ke baitlami le historing ea qhobosheane e

Ka lebaka leo, sa baitlami ka nako botlaaseng Pechersk qhobosheane e ne e ho lekaneng e ka tšeptjoang ea tšireletso. Kaho bastion mofuta letsopa qhobosheane ile oa phethoa ka 1723. E ne e le e matlafatsang ho latela tsamaiso e chitja ea liqhobosheane. Ho akarelletsa ho 9 litsiea, e mong polubastion Ravelin, likharetene kapa lintho tse ling. E le tšokelo ho tsoela pele ba kenella 'ngoe, qhobosheane kamehla batla ho boloka ya tlhokomelo e loketseng, hammoho le modernization lona le tsosoloso. Ka mashome a mahlano ea lekholo la ea leshome le metso e robeli, mosebetsi qhobosheane kaho matha Bosquet, moenjiniere oa sesole. Ka nako eo, ho litsiea fumana lebitso la lona hona joale: Spassky, Pavlovsky, nkuwa, Petrovsky, Semyonov, St. Andrew. Ho fihlela mathoasong a lekholo la ea leshome le metso e robong ka qhobosheane ho feta liqhobosheane bulehileng, 'maloa mehaho e meng ea bohlokoa haholo ho ile ha hahoa, tse kang Moscow le Vasilkovsky hekeng, Arsenal House, phofo makasine, formulations liahelong. Fanoeng ho hoka-hokoa ntlafatsong ea libetsa, ho akarelletsa le ho eketseha ha fapaneng tse fumanehang tsa Cannon ka, e ile ea hahoa letsopa Zverinetsky Opperman matlafatsang tsa tshisinyo, e leng moenjiniere oa sesole. E ileng sa etsahala bosiung ba la Ntoa ea 1812 ka ho khetheha ho sireletsa Pechersk qhobosheane.

Kaho ea mehaho e mecha ea la qhobosheane ea ka

Kiev ha e lahlehileng boleng lona sesole le mosolotogamaano, esita le ka mor'a ntoa. Ka 1830, morero oa ile amohetsweng ke qhobosheane e ncha, eo e se e ntshetswa pele Oppermann. Ho ea ka mosebetsi oo lebeletsweng kaho ea Hospital le Vassilkovsky liqhobosheane. E boetse e rerile ho fetola Pechersk citadel kenyelelitsoe tsamaiso e akaretsang ea liqhobosheane. Le ho fihlela joale, Kyiv qhobosheane (lifoto ka talingoa sehloohong sena) e fana ka look at lintho tsena.

Kiev o ile a qala ho haha qhobosheane e ka 1831, ka mor'a ho thehoa ha seo ho thoeng ke Vassilkovsky matlafatsa, ha kaho e ile ea fela ka 1863. E ne e ena le Ravelin le guardhouse, embankments, hammoho le litora tse tharo. Cherepanov lithaba matlafatsang sepetlele ne e hahiloe lilemong 1842-1849. Ho akarelletsa ho 3 guardhouse, teng ka pel'a liforo, embankments, oblique caponier, karolong e ka leboea caponier borokho nyenyane, sepetlele le mehaho e meng e mengata. Hape haufi le le khohlo e lilomo lithupelo Klovsky tlhahiso ea ho ile ha hahoa litora tse peli, liheke Nikolaev le pota Hōle le Haufi Mahaha li ile tsa bōptjoa ke mabota itšireletsa.

E etselitsoeng liqhobosheane meralo le rarahaneng "Kyiv qhobosheane", eo e ile ea phethoa ka sixties ea lekholo la ea leshome le metso e robong, e le oa ea Hospital le Vassilkovsky liqhobosheane Pechersk citadel epolloa Zverynets liqhobosheane. Empa e le ka nako eo a sebetsang a haholo ho ntshetsa pele ka sethunya, ke nako ea mosebetsi oo ba ne ba sa kopana ditlhoko se morao-rao itšireletsa. Ka lilemo tse 1871-1877 ho hlokahala hore a ntjhafatsa ba liqhobosheane entse ho haha qhobosheane e ka leralla.

Ka lebaka leo, ho Kyiv Qhobosheane ka ka sehloohong fortification rarahaneng, e hahiloeng fetang halofo ea lekholong la lilemo la. Litaba tse molemo ke hore ba bangata ba meaho tsa eona li bolokiloe ho isa linakong tse teng.

Ho sa tsotellehe 'nete ea hore e rarahaneng "Kyiv qhobosheane" ka nako e lahlehileng bohlokwa lona ka lekhetlo la pele mosolotogamaano, le palo e khōlō ea tshireletso 4 nakong ea ho bōptjoa ha mehaho e etselitsoeng liqhobosheane e ne khona ho pholoha ho fihlela hona joale.

E bolelang qhobosheane ka lipale tsa Kiev

Ka histori ea motse e le karolo ea Kiev Qhobosheane hlakang. Hoo e ka bang lilemo tse 70 tsa ho bōptjoa ha sesole etselitsoeng qhobosheane fihla kampong ka hare Pechersk ka lieha kaho ea lehae ea sebakeng seo. Ho feta moo, mosebetsi oa kaho o lona e amana ka ho toba le ka potlako ntshetsopele ya bokgoni vodogona, lifektheri setene, ho bōpa boom boom (Pankratevskogo, Alexandrovsky, Navodnitsky, Klovsky) le literata tse cobbled, ho embankment ea tseleng e khōlō, ho ea pele ka ho sa feleng borokho ka mose ho Dnieper. Production nang le tsebo ARSENALNY qhobosheane e ne e le embryo tsa "Arsenal" semela. Ho fihlela joale, e rarahaneng ea mehaho ea qhobosheane e nkoa e le e itseng musiamo histori ea fortification, e bontša tsoelo-pele ea nako e liqhobosheane rifled le lithunya smoothbore.

liqhobosheane

The khale mehleng e bohareng e ikhethang li nkoa e le mabota itšireletsa le litora. Ba leng teng ho pota ka Holimo Lavra. Bakeng sa tsamaiso ea morao-rao fortification matleng bastion liqhobosheane tsa letsopa tsa citadel, sepetlele polygonal fortification Vasilkovskoe matlafatsang. Mefuta eohle ea liahelong ho itšireletsa, teng ka Pechersk, ka bohona kenyelletse lintho litšobotsi tsa Serussia fortification sekolong. O, ho ea ka ka litsebi, lula boemong bo ka sehloohong ea Europe ka mathoasong a lilemo ea leshome le metso e robong. Lysogorskaya matlafatsa bontša litšobotsi tsa qhobosheane thōko liqhobosheane nako rifled libetsa. Ba bang ba mehaho ea qhobosheane li kotloloho amahanngoa le histori ea ho sisinyeha Revolutionary le tokoloho. Moo hang ho ne ho chankaneng theha mokhatlo oa lipolotiki "Kiev Shlisselburg" ka thirties ea tse lekholo tse fetileng o ile a bula musiamo "Oblique caponier".

Kyiv Qhobosheane Museum kajeno

Selemo le selemo, archaeologists fumana lintlha tse fapa-fapaneng ho tloha histori ea motse le qhobosheane. Sena ke e mong oa mabaka a hore ka ea hona joale motsotsoana Kyiv qhobosheane - e mong oa ka ho fetisisa ea mohlolo limusiamong motse. Karolo e thahasellisang ka ho fetisisa ntho e ho nkoa hore Diagon Caponier, se hahiloeng ka 1844. Ke mohaho o nang le marako teteaneng haholo, eo motheong oo ke lejoe le setene. Ka marako a oona a slits di kenngoa le embrasures tsa lithunya le lithunya. Lihahi tsa bonolo ya referense Caponier ntoeng beha a sa le hlaha ka lehlakoreng le le theko ea qhobosheane e, ka hona lebitso la eona a hlaha. Tloha qalong feela, ho ne ho hlokahala hore a polokelo ya libetsa le libetsa bokeletsoeng. Empa ka sixties ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo e ile ea e teronkong 'me tsa lipolotiki, tseo e neng e tšoaretsoe, joalokaha u bolella, batšoaruoa ba theha mokhatlo oa lipolotiki pele phetiso bona ho Lesogorskiy qhobosheane ka fanyehwa ena.

Ho fihlela joale, Oblique Caponier emela e mong oa metsoako ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa le e thahasellisang ea qhobosheane Kiev. Ntle ho eena, ka lehlakoreng la e Moholo ho rata naha Ntoa Museum, Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, hammoho le mehaho e ngata. Ba ka ile a etela ha a le Pechersk, ka rarahaneng "Kyiv qhobosheane." Mokhoa oa ho fumana ho tseba mong le e mong motseng, 'me ba tla etsa hore u: ho tswa ho seteisheneng sa terene / sa terene o na le monyetla oa ho fumana ka bese nomoro 14, bese palo 534 ho sa libese le lebitso la e loketseng kapa tekesi. From Bessarabki le Botsoalle Lichaba ' me Solomyanki tsamaea bese palo 450.

limusiamong

Ka guardhouse ba limusiamong tse peli hore li se inehetseng ho historing ea liqhobosheane e. Ho thahasellisang ke hore, e mong oa bona e ka tlaase ho mobu. Baeti tla tšoasoa ka sebōpeho sa sokolohela batšoaruoa. Le fetola boemo ba histori loopholes tsohle ba 'nile ba fetoloa lifensetere le dikeriting tšeptjoang. Mona ke le monyetla oa ho bona e ngata lisebelisoa khale, mofuta, lihlomo le thepa ea batšoaruoa ba ileng ba pholoha ho fihlela letsatsing le teng. The musiamo latelang ke tsa bohlokoa litokomane tsa histori le liaparo ho tloha linako tse sa tšoaneng.

Kajeno Kyiv qhobosheane ke o mong oa toropo ho fetisisa enigmatic ea musiamong, e le selemo le selemo, archaeologists fumana lintlha tse fapa-fapaneng ho tloha histori ea motse le qhobosheane.

Pokello musiamo

Huge Lejoe litora, earthworks le caponiers - e excursions beha dintho bontshiweng ka meralo le rarahaneng "Kyiv qhobosheane." Lenaneo la lipontšo emela pokello ea litsoantso tse nyenyane tsa histori le sesole ka Ukraine, Europe kholo ka ho fetisisa pokello ea "Napoleoniana" oa khatiso petsoha ha UPR le eena. Makhno. Lisabole, marumo, crossbows, le gakovnitsy Chablis le thepa ka tsela e ikhethang ho loketse ka pono e akaretsang ea liqhobosheane. lipontšo musiamo di kenngoa ka caponiers tse peli tse bolella ka histori ea Kiev le fortification ea sechaba ho tloha Tripoli setso ho fihlela lekholong la ea leshome le metso e robong, hammoho le ka histori ea tshebediso ya meaho qhobosheane.