The likarolo tsa khoele lesapo la mokokotlo. mosebetsi lesapo la mokokotlo

tsamaiso e khopo lesapo la mokokotlo e nkoa e le ea boholo-holo ho fetisisa tsa sebaka seo 'mele. Le boima ba karolo ena ea batho ba baholo e ke ka 34-38 Ha ba ntse ba letotong la karolo e bohareng ea tsamaiso ea methapo nakong iphetola ha lintho karo-karolelano pakeng tsa boholo ba boko le lesapong la mokokotlo fetohile e dumellana le pele. Ka mor'a moo, hlahlobisiseng, seo mohaho, e leng etsa mosebetsi oo.

kakaretso ea baeloji

Thapo lesapo la mokokotlo e le 'mele oa cylindrical ya sebopeho tsoeng. bolelele ba eona e leng banna - ba ka bang 45, basali - 41-42 cm, Ho na le likarolo tse sa tšoaneng tsa khoele lesapo la mokokotlo .. E mong le e le kabelo 'mele e na le litekanyo fapaneng. Kahoo, sefubeng le kabelo e na le teba sagittal (ka sefofane ba khutlela mpeng) - ka 8 limilimithara. The bophara ba sebakeng sena - 10 limilimithara. Thickening qala ho na le moo karolo II-III (molaleng). Karolong ena bophara fihla 13-14 limilimithara. Ka tsela eo sagittal boholo - 9 limilimithara. Karolong e, e leng ho tloha ba pele ba ho bobeli lumbar sacral sekhechana bophara ba ka bang 12 limilimithara. Sagittal boholo ba eona - 9 limilimithara. Sehlopha sohle e arotsoe likarolo tse itseng (palo ea likarolo lesapong la mokokotlo tla tšohloa mona ka tlase). Next nahana ka sebōpeho sa thepa ea motheo e constituent.

lesapo la mokokotlo khoele likarolo: kotokaka, tlhaloso ya

'mele o entsoe ka tsela e tšoanang mong ho e mong (homomorphic) likarolo. Lesapo la mokokotlo khoele likarolo tse amanang ka ho conductors methapo ea kutlo le sebakeng itseng 'meleng. Bolelele ba sebakeng seo ho khetheha la 'mele ke fapaneng. Palo yohle ya likarolo lesapong la mokokotlo - 31. bonyane likarolo coccygeal oa libaka. Ka sebopeho joale:

• The lumbar likarolo (5).
• Sacral (5).
• Letsoele (12).
• Coccygeal (1).
• The likarolo tsa lesapo la mokokotlo cervical (8).

Ka litlaleho tse fetileng hoo e ka bang 23,2% ea bolelele ba sebopeho kaofela. Ho fetisisa (56.4%) lula le likarolo thoracic. 7.3% ea bolelele entseng hore ho sebakeng sacral. lesapo la mokokotlo khoele likarolo kwa tse ka morao le ka pele le letona fapanyetsana ho qeta monono stubs - dithulaganyo methapo ea kutlo. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore mohaho ha tlatsa e le kanaleng kaofela. Tabeng ena, e likarolo lesapo la mokokotlo a phahame ho feta lebitso tšoanang vertebrae. Phapang pakeng tsa ea bobeli e mong le eketseha ho tloha holimo ho ea tlaase.

sebaka

Motho ka mong a iponahatsa skeletopy libaka. Ka mohlala, sebaka se ka tlaase ea lumbar karolo ka hantle ka batho ba baholo ho tswa ho boraro tlase ya 'mele XI thoracic vertebrae ho disk pakeng tsa pele le la bobeli lumbar vertebrae. Mabapi le sena tšobotsi pono e itseng. Ha stubs ka holimo eketsa ka tsela e ho parola, ea pejana fatše le kanaleng e, a phahameng ea khumo amanang le ho input karolong ea foramen intervertebral. likarolo tsa morao tjena fehlang le tšekamelo ea ho libakeng tse teng ka tlase boemong ba moo ba khoele lesapo la mokokotlo e qetella. All ena e pota-potiloe ke li phutholohe qetellong toloki. O ne ae bitsa "ponytail".

filum terminale

Karolo ea bobeli ea lumbar lesapong la mokokotlo fatše ka e khethehileng thuto rudimentary. E bitsoa "thread qetellong." Ho Ho thehoa haholo Pia mater. Ka ho fetisisa ea ho etela libaka tsa lona e ka holimo ho na le lisele tsa methapo ea kutlo. End thread ke ea mefuta e 'meli. Ho ka ba ka hare. Tabeng ena e fetela le ka meninges ho vertebra bobeli ka sacrum ena. The khoele qetellong e ka 'na ka ntle. Tabeng ena, e fetela ka nģ'ane ho vertebra bobeli ea coccyx ena. Khoele tsa ka ntle ka go tlhaolega kenyelletsa ditokiseletso tsoela pele likhoele connective. Qetellong ka hare na khoele bolelele ba ka bang 16, 'me le ka ntle - 8 cm,.

dissymmetry

lesapo la mokokotlo khoele likarolo ha ditshwani ka ho feletseng. Lekaneng bolelele le maemo a fapaneng ya lero la metso hlokomela ka ho ba sethaleng sa ntshetsopeleng embryonic. Ka mor'a ho tsoaloa ha dissymmetry e eketseha nako. Ho ka ho hlaka ho feta sebakeng sena thoracic. Ka dorsal motso dissymmetry e lebisitsoeng ho feta pele. Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, ketsahalo ena ke e loketseng ho se tšoane ka letlalo le mesifa innervation ea le letšehali le le letona mahlakoreng tsa 'mele o le.

Likarolo tse ka hare tsa thepa ea motheo

A re ke re ka bokhutšoanyane hlahloba sebopeho sa lesapo la mokokotlo karolo khoele. E mong le e elements se teng disk - poleiti teng tsekaletse. Ha boemo ba karolo ena atolosa dikgokelo neuronal. boemo ba bona hape tsekaletse. Pakeng tsa discs ho na le paatsepama dikgokelo neuronal. Kahoo, thepa ea motheo e ka emeloa ka mokgwa wa etsa lipoleiti tsa spongebob le. Ba, le eena, di ne tsa kopanngwa dikgokelo interneuron. Ka sebopeho sa metso anterior ke axons akaretswago lisele tse tsamaisanang le linaka lateral ea thapo lesapo la mokokotlo. Ba na le preganglionic le kutloelo-bohloko le efferent dilenaneo likhoele; ka dorsal motso na afferent sebopeho. Ba dithulaganyo ganglion methapo ea kutlo. The kakaretso teng ka dorsal motso likhoele - about 1 milione ba lehlakore ka leng; likarolo ka pel'a e lemoha e rarahaneng tse ka bang 200 000. Ha e le fellang kateng karo-karolelano ea 5: 1. baemeli

ata liphoofolo tse hlaha tsa palo ea dorsal motso fetang likhoele tseo tse teng pele, ha e le ho bitsoa. Ka mohlala, ka litoeba, karo-karolelano ea likhoto tse 2,5 le lintja: 1. Sena, ka hona, le hlaha e mong oa dipaterone, ho iphetola ha lintho ea tsoelo-pele ea tsamaiso ea methapo ea vertebrates. Ho itšetlehile ka 'nete ea hore ho thehoe metjha e le input ba mafolofolo ho feta mafelong a beke. Le qetellang ke tsitsitseng haholoanyane. palo ea likhoele methapo ea kutlo tse kamorao le anterior metso ka karolo e 'ngoe lesapo la mokokotlo le tšekamelo ea ho fapana. phapang e ka ba ho fihlela ho 59% ya dibopeho tse lehlakoreng moo ba ileng ba bala ka tlase.

taba ea bohlooho

Sefapano-sectional sebopeho e tšoanang le mapheo a serurubele senola kapa lengolo N. Ho na le ka morao, ka pele 'me lehlakoreng le manaka. sebopeho bona fapana hammoho le khoele lesapo la mokokotlo. Sebakeng seo, e leng e fokolang lateral le kamorao manaka, ke sebopeho reticular tsa mofuta o le letlooeng. taba ea bohlooho nka hoo e ka bang 5 cm, ³ (ka 17,8%) tsa bophahamo ba modumo kakaretso ea thapo lesapo la mokokotlo. palo ea methapo ea kutlo le teng ka e le ba ka bang limilione 13,5. Ba ba momahane lihlopha tse tharo: e kenellang lipakeng, toloki, radicular. Gray Tsotellehe Hore ke khethehileng sebopeho sesebediswa. Mona, beha ba bang ba mesebetsi ya khoele lesapo la mokokotlo. Ho teneha hore hlahang afferent likhoele leboha ho dikgokelo ho ka nka sebaka bobeli ka downlink le ka tsela e uplink. Ba, ka ho ochred bona qholotsa atile dilenaneo karabo.

taba e tšoeu

E na le boqapi, commissural le litseleng amanang ka neural. Ea bobeli ke libalaka extending circumferentially bohlooho sebopeho, ke thapo lesapo la mokokotlo. tseleng Commissural thehoa tšoeu nyoloha. Ho larileng ka pakeng tsa ka pele ea taba bohareng slit le bohlooho (by kopantseng dihalofo lona). Boqapi ba tseleng (tlaase (efferent) le a nyolohela (afferent)) buisana le bokong.

phepelo ea mali

le phepelo ea mali e etsoang ke vascular marangrang a mangata. Ba tloha karolong e ka holimo ea subclavian, thyroid le methapo vertebral. Hape tšelang atolosa tloha karolo e itseng ea moo dikarolo bobeli le la boraro la khoele lesapo la mokokotlo. Ka libaka ena, phepelo ea mali e tsoa ho makala a aorta ena. Ho feta tse mashome a tšeletseng di behuwe ka bobedi methapo radicular, tse thehoa ka bophara le masoba ho intervertebral fapana nyenyane (150-200 micrometers) le bophara ba. Ba fana ka mali ho ea ka metso feela, le khetla haufi le eona. Lijo, ha e le hantle, ea thapo lesapo la mokokotlo le seabo ka 5-9 methapo kgolo (400-800 limilimithara) caliber. lijana tsohle tsa mofuta o le Magypsy. Ba kena ho le kanaleng maemong a fapaneng ka ho le letona, le letšehali ka lesoba. Ba bitsa mothapo kutu kapa morao-medullary. Nomoro ya kholo ka ho fetisisa ba bona ba nako tsohle. Lokolloa libethe tse tharo vascular:

• Ka holimo kapa cervico-dorsal. O na le libaka moo ho na le likarolo tsa lesapo la mokokotlo khoele C1 - 3akir.
• Lipakeng kapa karolelano. Ho akarelletsa ho dikarolo 4akir-8akir.
• Tlaase. Ho nourishes sebaka ka tlase 9akir karolo boemong ba.

Anterior mothapo lesapo la mokokotlo fetela le feela ka likhechana tse seng kae tsa mohaho. Ho feta moo, ho e sa emetsweng sejana e le 'ngoe. Ho ketane ea anastomoses multiple radicular-medullary kgolo methapo. phallo ea mali ka anterior lesapo la mokokotlo mothapo kenang litaelo fapaneng. Karolong e ka holimo - ho tloha holimo ho ea tlaase, bohareng - ho tswa ho tlase, 'me e ka tlase - ea holimo le tlaase.

mesebetsi ka sehloohong

Ho na le mesebetsi e 'meli e ka sehloohong ea ho thapo lesapo la mokokotlo. Pele - se reflex, bobeli - conduction. E mong le e karolo e amanang le makala a itseng le ho etsa bonnete ba mosebetsi oa bona le tshebetso e. Ka mohlala, likarolo sacral ke maoto 'me a makala pelvic le na le boikarabelo ba mosebetsi oa libakeng tsena tsa' mele. Le 'ngoe kapa tse ding thoracic karolo le sebedisana ka le litho tsa ka hare e tshwanetseng le mesifa. likarolo holimo amanang le hlooho le matsoho. Reflex mosebetsi oa khoele lesapo la mokokotlo li bonolo reflexes tlholeho tlhaho. Tsena li akarelletsa, ka ho khetheha, e akarelletsa ho arabela bohloko - motho a pulls letsohong la hae, ka mohlala. Hape le ka sehlopha sena li tsejoa lengole-jerk itšoara joang. Ka ponahalo ea liphetoho tsena, boko bo ka se kenya letsoho. khopolo ena e ne e le phihlelo e tšoanang le liphoofolo. Ho ba sieo ha hlooho ka Frog oa ho nka khato ka bobeli ba matla le ba fokolang bohloko ho susumetsa ba bang. Conductive lesapong la mokokotlo kenyeleditsweng ka phetiso pulse length. Ea pele, e nyolohang. Uplink tseleng tšusumetso e tsoang ho fumana bokong, 'me ho tloha moo o ile a romela e le taelo e khutlisetsang bolaoli leha e le efe. Ka lebaka mabapi ena terata le bontšoang kateng, mosebetsi ofe kapa ofe ba kelello: ho nka, u ee, tsoha, le phahamisa, sehiloeng, ho matha, ho lahlela, atamela. E le mokhanni oa lesapo la mokokotlo mosebetsi khoele netefatsa ho kenngwa tshebetsong tsa liketso tsa hore batho ha ba hlokomela, ho etsa letsatsi le letsatsi ka mosebetsi oa kapa lapeng.

lateral lenaka

likarolo tsena na mesebetsi ea bona. Linaka lateral (lipakeng sebakeng ka taba ea bohlooho) di lokisetsa le kutloelo-bohloko autonomic tšohile sebopeho seleng. Ka thuso ea bona, ka sebelisana le litho tsa ka hare. lisele tse tsena na dithulaganyo tse amanang le metso anterior. libaka ena e thehoa ka tsela: ka likarolo tsa dikarolo e ka holimo tse peli tse ya khoele lesapo la mokokotlo ke reticular sebakeng - le sosobaneng ea palo e khōlō ea methapo ea kutlo tse amanang le libakeng tsa cortical Tshebediso ya ka boko le mosebetsi reflex. Ketsahalo ea bohlooho le tšoeu libalaka taba, pele le ka dorsal motso bitsoa reflex itšoara joang. Sami reflexes kahoo ba bitsoa kateng, ke tlhaloso, Pavlov, unconditioned.

Tsela nyoloha

lithapo ka pele ea taba e tšoeu ke litsela tse sa tšoaneng, e mong le e ba tse etsang mosebetsi o itseng:

• Corticospinal (pyramidal ka pele) ke le boikarabelo ba ho fetiswa ha litakatso dilenaneo tloha boko cortex ho pele ka manaka dorsal.
• Front spinothalamic fana tactile nahanela.
• Toloki Leventhal le Gel'd - white taba likhoele tlame e nuclei skeletal lipara 8 of cranial methapo ea kutlo methapo ea kutlo dilenaneo ka linaka tse ka pele.
• tseleng Tectospinal bopa e reflex sireletsang, e amanang le ho susumetsa ba bang bonwang kapa utluwang. Sena se finyelloa ka litsi le puisano e tlas'a cortex bonwang bokong le nuclei ka manaka anterior.
• Longitudinal toloki e fana ka tšebelisano le ba bang mesifa ocular, ke tlamang le likarolo ka holimo ea thapo lesapo la mokokotlo le moqomo.
• Ke litsela tsa nyolohela fetela le tebileng tšusumetso e tsoang ho nahanela. Phello ke ka kutloisiso ea 'mele ka batho. The linaoa feta spinothalamic, tectospinal le cortico-lesapo la mokokotlo kanale.

theoha tseleng

botsitso phetiso tloha cortex ea bokong ho taba ea bohlooho ka linaka anterior etsoa ke lateral kanale cortico-lesapo la mokokotlo. Krasnoyaderno cerebrospinal tseleng e fana ka phetoho jarolla ka ho iketsa ea mesifa molumo le mokhatlo oa ka boemong ba subconscious. le kanaleng ena e teng ka pel'a laterally-pyramidal. Ke krasnoyaderno cerebrospinal tseleng haufi spinnotalamichesky spinnomozzhechkovy lehlakoreng le ka morao.

makgetheng lilemo

Nakoana liphetoho amehoang ka tsona ka bobeli mohaho oa khoele lesapo la mokokotlo, le sebopeho sa naha ea eona. Ka halofo ea bobeli ea nako ntshetsopeleng fetal tšoauoa bang lieha kgolo ya lona. Ka ho khetheha, ho lags morao ntshetsopele ya lenaneng la lesapo la mokokotlo. 'Me e tsoela pele nako e telele ho lekana. Ka masea boko khoune e teng ka boraro lumbar vertebra, 'me e qetella ka batho ba baholo e ka pele kapa la bobeli. Nakong eohle ea kgolo ya boleleleng ba sebopeho e eketsehileng 2,7 leq. Ena e advantageously fumana leboha ho likarolo thoracic. sebopeho Weight eketsa ka 6-7 linako tse ling. Kgolo ya taba e tšoeu le bohlooho ba khoele lesapo la mokokotlo le fetisa lekaneng lekane. molumo o eketsehileng ka pele tse 14 'me ea bobeli - makhetlo a 5. Sena ke ka ntlha ya go ha e le hantle hore ka ipatlele ntshetsopeleng lona segmental unit trust e phethoa pele ho moo ho feta boqapi ba litseleng methapo ea kutlo.

Qetellong

Pakeng tsa khoele lesapo la mokokotlo le boko, tsamaiso bohareng methapo ea kutlo, makala 'ohle le maoto le matsoho a motho ha a ile a beha kamano e ikhethang. E ho nkoa e "liroboto toro". Ho fihlela joale, ha ho na e mong, esita le roboto ho fetisisa tsoetseng pele ke ke phethise liketso tsa khoneha tsohle le mekhatlo, e leng ho ya ka phelang likokoana-hloko. mechine tsena morao-rao li etselitsoe ho etsa mesebetsi e itseng. Hangata ka ho fetisisa oa ho etsa liroboto tsena li sebelisoa ka km gana tlhahiso ea kopano ea mola. khoele boima lesapo la mokokotlo ka peresente ya baemeli ba tse sa tšoaneng tsa melemo lefatše phoofolo fapaneng. Ka mohlala, Frog - 45, likolopata - 120, likhoto - 36, macaque - 12 lintja - 18, 'me ho batho - 2. Ka sebopeho lesapo la mokokotlo khoele hlaka haholo bonahatsoa tloaelehile hore batho ba moralo ditshebetso le mekhoa ea ho e bohareng libakeng tsamaiso ea methapo.