Sodium phenate: itokisa, lik'hemik'hale Properties

Phenols - metsoako nkhang hamonate le lihlopha le 'ngoe kapa ho feta hydroxyl amahanngoa le liathomo k'habone benzenovogo khubu. Ho ea ka palo ea lihlopha tsa OH tse hlaheletseng one-, two- le trihydric phenols.

Monohydric phenols - derivatives tsa benzene le homologues eona khubu eo e mong athomo hydrogen e nkeloa sebaka ke sehlopha hydroxyl.

Isomerism le nomenclature. Ka moemeli bonolo ea phenols - acid e carbolic (phenol) isomers ho se joalo, ka homologs lona teng isomers positional tsa sehlopha hydroxyl ka benzonovom mantlha (ortho, Meta, le para maemo a).

Ho phenols lebitso sebediswa tharo nomenclature - histori, palophatlo le IUPAC. Bakeng sa phenols tsa histori nomenclature ba bitsoa trivially - phenol (acid e carbolic), cresols, joalo-joalo

Natural mohloding bakeng sa thepa tsena ke mashala sekontiri, khenele oli, sekontiri beech, joalo-joalo Mashala sekontiri hlahisoang nakong mashala omileng distillation. Mehloli bakeng sa ho hlahisa phenols ke likarolelano (a phehile ka 170-230 ° C) le le boima (a phehile ka 230-270 ° C) oli. Nakong ea ho e lokisa ya hydroxide sodium ne a lokisitsoeng sodium phenolate. The moralo oa boitsebiso boo le na le masalla tsa phenol le sodium.

Tlas'a maemo a laboratori sulphosalts hangata e nkhang hamonate (sodium le potassium letsoai ea acid sulfonic) li sebelisoa ho fumana phenols. Nakong ea lik'hemik'hale, e sodium kapa potassium phenolate. Ka mor'a moo, metsoako tsena li tšoaroa ka acid matsoai ho fa phenols free.

thepa lik'hemik'hale li bakoa ke ho ba teng ha phenol OH sehlopha ka benzelnom khubu. dintho tsena ka kena liphetoho tse bath ya alcohols (sebopeho sa esters, phenolates, halogenated) le arenes (Phetolo ya liathomo hydrogen ka liboto benzenovom halogens, nitro sehlopha, sulfo sehlopha). Ka hona, le mahlahana tsena itšoara joang hang-hang le tšepe ea ho theha e phenolate sodium. Ho ka maemo ana li bonahatsoa sebopeho haholo-holo lintho tsa elektronike tsa limolek'hule tsa alcohols le phenols.

sodium phenoxide (kapa phenoxide) Ho thehoa ke itšoara phenols le alkalis. The thepa asiti ea phenols hakaalo bitsoa. dintho tsena di sa qaphalletsoa le pampiri litmus. sodium phenolate fapana alkoxides ka teng ka ditharollo ea metsi alkaline, le hoja e ha e bola. Phenates ba habonolo bole ke itsoara joang ka acid (esita le fokolang baa, mohlala, mashala).

Leha ho le joalo ka thepa asiti ea phenols tse lebisitsoeng ho feta ka alcohols aliphatic. Selelekela ka molek'hule ea phenol elektrone-ho tloha substituents (nitro, halogen, sehlopha sulfo, sehlopha se aldehyde le joaloka) eketsa gidroksogrupp hydrogen mokhatlo oa, kahoo thepa asiti ba ntlafatsoa.

Ho ba teng ha phenols positive, le phello mesomeric e etsa hore ba thepa nucleophilic, e leng ka tlaase ho moo lebisitsoeng ka ho ipapisa le alcohols. thepa ena e sebelisoa ho hlahisa esters, empa ba sa kopanele liphetoho li phenols le phenolates le hydrocarbons halogenated.

Ester sebopeho le hlaha ka ho itšoara phenols le chloride kapa anhydrides ea acid carboxylic. Joalokaha eka ke ka ho bōptjoa ha esters, ba itšoara joang ke ho le bonolo ho ho tswela pele ka potassium kapa sodium phenates.

Ha ketso ea halogens thehoa phenols derivatives halogen. The bromination tsa phenols sebelisoa ka and analysis meriana: 2,46-tribromophenol ke hampe qhibilihang ka har'a ka metsi le precipitates tsoa, eo dumella hore o ile a re itšoara joang ho bona hore na phenols ka tharollo.

The nitration tsa phenol. bohato ho phenol ya 20% nitric acid e , e leng motsoako oa obble-le-E leq-nitrophenols tse arohantsoe ke distillation le mouoane (o-nitrophenol ile distilled tsamaee, 'me ba-E leq-nitrophenol lula tharollo).