Polyploidy ke eng? Karolo efe ha ho bapala ka khetha 'me lintho tsa tlhaho

Ka mor'a ho bala sehlooho sena, u tla ithuta hore na polyploidy. Re tla sheba karolo e phetha. U tla boela u ithute seo ke mefuta eohle ea polyploidy.

polyploids thuto

Pele ho tsohle, re bolella ka se boleloang ke lentsoe lena mohlolo. Lisele tse, kapa batho ba nang le dikelaka fetang tse peli tsa chromosomes ba bitsoa polyploids. lisele tse Polyploid le maqhubu a tlaase ke ka lebaka la "liphoso" mitosis. Sena se etsahala ha chromosomes li aroloa, 'me cytokinesis se hlahile. Ka tsela eo lisele tse e ka etsoa ba habeli palo ea chromosomes (diploids). Haeba ba ne ba feta interphase, e tla arolelana, le ka fa phahama ho (ho kopanela liphate kapa asexually) Batho e ncha eo lisele tse tla ba le chromosomes habeli e le ba bangata ho feta batsoali ba bona. Ka lebaka leo, tshebetso ya ho sebopeho - hore ke polyploidy. dimela Polyploid ka hlahiswa artificially sebelisa colchicine - alkaloid hatella sebopeho sa leakage radiation mitotic ke boemo boo ba microtubule sebopeho.

thepa polyploids

Tsena dimela volatility hangata tsesaane ho feta hore ba diploid phase amanang, hobane e mong le e phatsa ea lefutso e emeloang ke bona bonyane habeli palo. Holim 'a bokaholimo ba matsoele tsa bana homozygous ka bang phatsa ea lefutso recessive batho ba etsa feela 1/16 sebakeng sa 1/4 ka diploids. (Maemong ao ka bobeli e nahana hore maqhubu a ya alleles recessive ke 0,50.) Polyploidy ikhethang selfing, ka ho eketsehileng fokotsa volatility bona, ho sa tsotellehe 'nete ea hore diploids bona amanang advantageously tšela fumana peo e.

Moo ho na le polyploids

Kahoo, re ile a araba potso e reng, se polyploidy. Empa moo ho na le limela tse joalo?

Ba bang ba polyploids tse molemo ikamahanya le libaka tse ommeng kapa thempereichara e tlaase ho feta ea pele foromo diploid phase, ha ba bang ba molemo ho loketseng ho mefuta e itseng mobu. Ka lebaka la sena, ba ka lula libakeng tse nang le maemo a feteletseng teng, eo ho eona baholo-holo ba bona diploid phase mohlomong a ka be a ile a shoa. Le maqhubu a tse nyenyane li etsahala baahi tse ngata tsa tlhaho. Ba bobebe ho feta diploids ngollana, kena outbreeding. Tabeng ena, e le hang ha e ka hlahiswang poone e nyalisitsoeng nonneng. Tlase hlahang ho yona polyploids lebasetere thehoa ke palopedi palo ea chromosomes ka diploid phase poone e nyalisitsoeng nyopa. Ena ke e 'ngoe ea litsela tse plodovistosti hlaphoheloa.

Pele tlalehiloeng Ha polyploidy

Ke hona, tlase tse tloaelehileng, ka poone e nyalisitsoeng polyploid thehoa pakeng radishes le hop. Ena e ne e lekhetlo la pele hantle tlaleha ha polyploidy. Bobeli genera ho matleng a lelapa la crucifers le ba amana haufi-ufi. Ka lisele tse somatic , 'me mefuta bobeli chromosomes e 18,' me oa pele meiotic metaphase 9 kamehla lemoha lipara tsa chromosomes. Le ba bang ba thata, ho ile ha fumanoa ka ea lebasetere pakeng tsa dimela tsena. Ka meiosis, ho ne 18 unpaired chromosomes (9 le ea 9 ho tloha radish ho tloha hop) 'me o ne nyopa ka ho feletseng. Har'a dimela tsena lebasetere polyploidy boithatelo thehoa, ho eo liseleng somatic ne 36 chromosomes nakong meiosis 'me kamehla ha thehoa lipara 18. Ka mantsoe a mang, polyploid lebasetere ne chromosomes tsohle 18 e le radish, 'me hop le ba sebetsa ka tsela e tloaelehileng. lebasetere ena e ne e le libuka haholo.

Polyploids-lehola

Ba bang ba polyploids hlaha joaloka lehola tšimong amanang le mesebetsi ea batho, 'me ka linako tse ling ba be o finyeletse katleho e hlollang. E mong tsebahalang mohlala - baahi ba mokhoabo oo letsoai la genus Spartina. mefuta e 'ngoe, S. maritima (tšoantšetsoang tlase), e fumanoa mekhoabong hammoho le mabopo tsa Europe le Afrika. mofuta o mong, S. alterniflora, o ile a tsebisoa UK ka bochabela ea Amerika Leboea ho pota 1800 le ka mor'a moo nama haholo, eaba ba etsa e kholo ea moo kolone.

koro

E 'ngoe ea lihlopha tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa polyploid dimela ka nkoa e le oa mofuta ofe Triticum koro (tšoantšetsoang tlase). Ka ho fetisisa a atile chai lefatše lijo-thollo - koro bonolo (T. aestivum) - na 2n = 42. Soft koro simolohile bonyane lilemo tse 8.000 fetileng, mohlomong Europe Central, ka lebaka la hybridization ea tlhaho ea koro lengoa, e leng e se e 2n = 28, e nang le lijo-thollo tse hlaha mofuta o tšoanang le oo ba le 2n = 14. Wild joang, mohlomong a hōla joaloka mofoka har'a koro. Hybridization, se ile sa hlahisa koro le bonolo, ka etsahala pakeng tsa polyploidy bonahala ho tswa ho nako le nako ka baahi ba mefuta bobeli batsoali.

Ho ka etsahala hore e le hang ha ho 42-chromosome koro le matšoao lona le thuso hlaha ka ka thoko balemi pele, kapele-pele o ile a hlokomela e le a khetha bakeng sa lema ka ho eketsehileng. E mong oa liforomo hae a botsoali, 28-chromosome koro e lengoa, e ne e le lebaka la ho hybridization tsa mefuta e 'meli tse hlaha tsa chromosome 14 ho tloha Bochabela bo Hare. Mefuta ea koro, le 2n = 28, 'me hona joale tsoela pele ho hlaolela hammoho le 42-chromosome. Joalo koro chromosome 28 ke mohloli o ka sehloohong oa lijo-thollo bakeng sa tlhahiso ea bijoux le e loketseng ho adhesiveness phahameng tsa protheine ena. Moo ke karolo e bapaloang ke polyploidy.

Triticosecale

liphuputso tsa morao tjena li bontšitse hore mela e ncha fumanoa ka hybridization ka ntlafatsa tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tsa temo. Polyploidy ka ho ikatisa dimela sebediswa haholo ho pharaletseng. Haholo-holo tsepisa ke Triticosecale - sehlopha manmade lebasetere pakeng tsa koro (Triticum) le rye (Secale). Ba bang ba bona, kopantseng lihlahisoa tse koro le rye ruggedness, e tsitsitseng ho fetisisa guttate mafome - lefu, baka tšenyo e khōlō ho temo. thepa tsena ke tsa bohlokoa haholo-holo libakeng tse phahameng-bophahamong ba chesang e mongobo 'me subtropics, moo mafome - ka sehloohong Ntlha e fokotsa ho lema koro. Triticosecale hona joale o eketsehile ho ka tekanyo e khōlō le e ne e le e ratoa haholo ke e 'ngoe Fora le linaheng tse ling. The tummeng ka ho fetisisa ke ea 42-chromosome lesika la lijo-thollo ena. E ile a fumana ke palopedi palo ea chromosomes mora hybridization tsa chromosome 28 Koro 14 chromosomal rye.

Ho se tšoane ba polyploids

Ka tlhaho, ba ba isoa ka tlas'a tšusumetso ea maemo a ka ntle, eseng ka lebaka la mesebetsi ea batho. ponahalo ea bona - e mong oa mekgwa ya bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ho iphetola ha lintho. Matsatsing ana batho ba bangata polyploid emetsweng limela lefatše (tse fetang halofo ea mefuta eohle dimela). Har'a bona tse ngata lijalo ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa - e sa feela koro, empa hape k'hothone, tsoekere ea 'moba, banana, litapole le sonobolomo. Lethathamo lena ka eketsa ntle ka ho fetisisa sebetsang serapeng lipalesa - chrysanthemums, pansies, dahlias.

Hona joale hore u tseba seo polyploidy. karolo ea hae ka temo, ha u ntse u ka bona, e phahameng haholo.