Neuron mosebetsi. Seo mosebetsi o etsoa ke methapo ea kutlo e. Motor neuron mosebetsi

E leng bokhoni ba lisele tse ho arabela susumetsa ba bang ba lefatše kantle - the criterion motheo ea e phelang phelang. Likarolo mehaho ya dinama tse nyenyane tse ea methapo - methapo ea kutlo ka liphoofolo tse anyesang le monna - khona ho fetola ho susumetsa ba bang (leseli, monko, maqhubu a molumo) mosebetsing oa ho nyakallo. lebaka hae ba ho qetela - e itsoara joang ka ho lekaneng 'meleng ka lebaka la tshusumetso fapaneng tikoloho. Sehloohong sena, re tla hlahloba hore na mosebetsi o etsoa ke methapo ea kutlo e bokong 'me pheriferale tsamaiso ea methapo, hammoho le nahana ka tlhophiso ea methapo ea kutlo e loketseng ho peculiarities ya tshebetso bona ka lintho tse phelang.

Sebopeho sa dinama tse nyenyane tse ea methapo

Pele hlahloba mosebetsi wa neuron e, a re ke re bone hore na lisele foromo-neurocytes. Ka sethaleng neurula, ho embryo e beha tube, neural. Ho Ho thehoa ho tswa ho lakane ectodermal ho ba le thickening - neural poleiti. E tsoetseng pele qetellong ea phaephe e ya ho theha e ka ho eketsehileng likarolo tse hlano tse tlang e le boko bubble. Ho bana, thehoa likarolo tse ling tsa boko. Karolo e khōlō ea tube neural nakong ntshetsopeleng embryonic bopa le khoele lesapo la mokokotlo, ho tloha eo fetela le para ea 31 methapo.

methapo ea kutlo bokong ba ho kopantswe ya ho theha e konokono. Ba etsa lipara 12 of methapo cranial. Ka tsamaiso ea methapo batho e le farologantswng la ka le lefapha bohareng - boko le lesapong la mokokotlo, o nang le lisele tse neurocytes le ho tšehetsa dinama tse nyenyane tse - glia. Pheriferale Division bopilwe ka somatic le likarolo autonomic. methapo bona innervate makala ohle le lisele tsa 'mele.

Methapo ea kutlo - the mehaho ya ka yuniti ya tsamaiso ea methapo

Ba fapana ka boholo, sebopeho le thepa. neuron mesebetsi ya bona e ngata: kenya letsoho ha ho sebopeho sa lipotoloho neural, le temoho oa susumetsa ba bang ho tloha tikolohong ka ntle, ho fetiswa ha nyakallo hlahang ho lisele tse ling. From neuron tloha moo 'dithulaganyo tse' maloa. Long - axon le makala lekgutshwanyane bitsoa dendrites.

Cytological tlhlahlobo senotsoe ka 'mele oa methapo ea kutlo seleng ea khubu le nngwe - nucleoli tse peli, hantle-thehoa endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria se sengata le se matla nang le protheine e synthesizing sethusathuto. O emeloang ke ribosomes le limolek'hule tsa RNA le RNAi. dintho tsena theha e itseng sebopeho neurocytes - Nissl ntho. lisele tse Feature methapo ea kutlo - palo e khōlō ea dithulaganyo tlatsetsa 'nete ea hore mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa neuron e - phetiso ea litakatso tsa methapo ea kutlo. Ho hatisoa ha eona dendrites le axons. Pele fumana matšoao le fetisetsa hore ba 'mele neurocyte le axon - e le' ngoe e telele haholo thulaganyong, khanna pherekano bakeng kletkam.Prodolzhaya mong tšohile fumana karabo ea potso e reng: eng le methapo ea kutlo sheba sebōpeho sa ntho e kang neuroglia.

Sebopeho sa dinama tse nyenyane tse ea methapo

Neurocytes ba pota-potiloe ke lintho tse bonahalang e khethehileng, e leng e tšoauoa ka sa thepa thekga. le sireletsang. Bakeng sa hae, e le bokhoni ba bath ea ho arola. komponeng ena e bitsoa neuroglia.

Sebopeho sena ke haufi-ufi amanang ho lisele tse methapo ea kutlo. Kaha mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa neuron le - ke moloko le conduction la litakatso tsa methapo ea kutlo, glial lisele ba angoa ke tshebetso ya ho nyakallo le fetola litšobotsi tse bona motlakase. Ho feta moo trophic le sireletsang mesebetsi glia fana liphetoho tshilong ya dijo ka neurocytes le thusa hore ho ka plasticity ya dinama tse nyenyane tse ea methapo.

The mochine oa nyakallo ka methapo ea kutlo

Sele ka 'ngoe methapo ea kutlo e bopa mabitso a mang likete tse' maloa le neurocytes tse ling. The linaoa motlakase tse motheong oa dithulaganyo nyakallo li tlosoa 'mele a ka cell hammoho axon, ha e kopana le lirafshoa tse ling tse mehaho ya dinama tse nyenyane tse ea methapo kapa kena ka ho toba ka' mele ho sebetsa, ho etsa mohlala ka mesifa. Ho fumana hore na seo mosebetsi o etsoa ke e methapo ea kutlo lokela ho ithuta mochine oa nyakallo phetiso. O ile a jara axons. methapo enjene di koahetsoe ke myelin selateng sa ba bitsoa myelinated. The tsamaiso ea methapo autonomic ke unmyelinated dithulaganyo. Ho ea ka mo nyakallo hloka ho ea neuron boahelani.

ke synapse seo

The o ikopanye ea lisele tse peli e bitsoa synapse. Fetisetsa nyakallo le hlaha ho eona kapa ho sebelisa lik'hemik'hale - mediators, kapa ke temana ea ions tloha neuron mong ho e mong, i.e. linaoa motlakase.

Ka lebaka la hore ho thehoe synapses methapo ea kutlo bopa mohaho marangrang a kutu karolo e itseng ea boko le lesapong la mokokotlo. E bitsoa sebopeho reticular, qalang ho tloha karolong e ka tlaase ea e medulla oblongata le hapa le brainstem nuclei, kapa liseleng tsa kutlo boko. Meshwork lula e boemo mesebetsi e amanang le cortex bokong o li etella pele liketso reflex ea thapo lesapo la mokokotlo.

bohlale maiketsetso

Khopolo ea ho dikgokelo synaptic pakeng tsa methapo ea kutlo tsa tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng le e ka ithuta mesebetsi ya tlhahisoleseding e reticular e hona joale akarelelitsoeng ho ka mokgwa wa ea saense ya marangrang a maiketsetso neural. Ho outputs ea lisele maiketsetso methapo ea kutlo e amanang ho ditshwaelo tsa dikgokelo tse ling e khethehileng, e sa hlokeheng synapses le mesebetsi ea bona ea sebele. Tshebediso ya mosebetsi ya neuron maiketsetso neurocomputer - e sehlogo ea ka matshwao a medumo tsohle input ho e maiketsetso seleng ea methapo ea kutlo, sokolohela mosebetsi bao e seng guttate tsa motsoako guttate. E boetse e bitsoa e le karabelo mosebetsi (phetiso). Ha ho bōpa bohlale maiketsetso ka ho fetisisa ho pharaletseng a sebelisa guttate, semilinear le mehato ya mosebetsi neuron Tshebediso ya.

neurocytes afferent

Ba ne ba boetse ba bitsoa nahanela le ho ba le spines e khutšoanyane, e leng karolo ea sele letlalo le tsohle litho tse ka hare (receptors). Ho teneha a felloa tikoloho ka ntle, receptors bona ba fetoha ka tshebetso nyakallo. Ho itšetlehile ka mofuta oa ntho e susumetsang, le methapo ea kutlo e qetellong li arotsoe ka: thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, nociceptors. Kahoo, ho sebetsa ha methapo ea kutlo kutlo - the temoho ea susumetsa ba bang, kgethollo bona, moloko oa nyakallo le fetisetsa ho ka tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng. methapo ea kutlo kutlo di kenyelleditswe ka kamorao linaka tsa khoele lesapo la mokokotlo. 'mele ea bona ba sebakeng libaka (ganglia) teng ka ntle ho tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng. Ka tsela eo ha thehoa le ganglia tsa methapo ea kutlo cranial le lesapo la mokokotlo. methapo ea kutlo Afferent ba le palo e kholo ea dendrites, axons le hammoho 'mele, ba ea bohlokoa karolo ea arcs reflex. Ka lebaka leo, mesebetsi e nahanela neuron ke ka tshebetso ya ho fetiswa ha nyakallo ka boko le lesapong la mokokotlo, le ka ho kopanela sebopeho sa reflexes.

Features interneuron

Tsoele pele ho ithuta le thepa ea boemo ba leholimo mehaho ya dinama tse nyenyane tse ea methapo, fumana hore na mosebetsi o etsoa ke methapo ea kutlo e kenellang lipakeng. mofuta ona wa ea lisele neural nka linaoa bioelectric tloha kutlo le fetisetsa bona neurocyte:

a) interneurons tse ling;

b) dilenaneo neurocytes.

interneurons fetisisa na axons, qetellong likarolo tse ling tsa tse - le seemelong sa libese tse amanang le neurocytes ea bohareng.

Methapo ea kutlo eo mosebetsi - nyalano ea nyakallo le boikatiso ea lona ho feta likarolong tse ling tsa tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo e bohareng, ke ea bohlokoa karolo ea reflex fetisisa unconditioned le masusu reflex arcs methapo ea kutlo. interneurons Excitatory bebofatsa phetiso pontšo pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa tshebetso ya neurocytes. Brake e kenellang lipakeng tsa lisele tse methapo ea kutlo ho fumana thabo ea setsi sa eona e ho ditshwaelo tsa. Sena se tiisa hore methapo ea kutlo eo ho sebetsa - nako e telele polokesegong le phetiso ea litakatso tsa methapo ea kutlo, o dumella Tshebediso ya tsa kutlo methapo lesapo la mokokotlo.

Motor neuron mosebetsi

Motoneurons ke ea ho qetela a thepa ea mohaho le literata tsa selikalikoe reflex. O na le 'mele o moholo, a etsa qeto ea ka pele ho linaka lesapong la mokokotlo. Tseo methapo ea kutlo eo innervate mesifa ya marapo, ke mabitso a likarolo tsena tsa likoloi. Tse ling neurocytes efferent akarelletsa secreting lisele tse tšoelesa le ho etsa hore ho lokolloa ha dintho tshwanelanang: liphiri li-hormone. The involuntary, ke hore unconditioned liketso reflex (engole, salivation, defecation) methapo ea kutlo efferent atolosa ho tswa ho thapo lesapo la mokokotlo kapa bakoang boko. Ho phetha liketso tsa e rarahaneng le mekhatlo ea 'mele sebedisa mefuta e' meli ea neurocytes centrifugal: bohareng le pheriferale dilenaneo tsa likoloi. mmele e bohareng ke dilenaneo neuron ka cortex bokong, haufi rolandovoy mohoma.

Litopo tsa neurocytes dilenaneo pheriferale, innervating mesifa ea maoto le matsoho, kutu, molala, teng ka linaka anterior ea thapo lesapo la mokokotlo, le dithulaganyo tsa bona ka nako e telele - axons - tsoa metso anterior. Ba theha likhoele dilenaneo lipara 31 of methapo lesapo la mokokotlo. Pheriferale dilenaneo neurocytes, innervating mesifa ea sefahleho, 'metso, larynx, leleme ba sebakeng sa nuclei ba vagus e, hypoglossal le glossopharyngeal methapo cranial. Kahoo, mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa dilenaneo neuron - boreleli mesifa ho tšoere nyakallo secreting lisele le litho tsa ka hare tse ling tse ho sebetsa.

Metabolism ka neurocytes ho

Mesebetsi e ka sehloohong ea neuron e - sebopeho bioelectrical bohato 'nang le phetiso lona ho liseleng tse ling methapo ea kutlo, mesifa secreting lisele tse - neurocyte ka lebaka la ho makgetheng mehaho le itseng liphetoho tshilong ya dijo. lithuto tsa Cytological li bontšitse hore methapo ea kutlo e na ngata tsa mitochondria, ATP synthesizing limolek'hule ntshetswa pele le e sa tšoaneng granular likaroloana reticulum ribosomal. Ba mafolofolo tsa maiketsetso liprotheine seleng. The lera ea sele methapo ea kutlo le dithulaganyo lona - axons le dendrites etsa mosebetsi oa ho tsamaisa khetha ea limolek'hule le ions. liphetoho tshilong ya dijo ka neurocytes etsahala le mefuta e fapaneng ya enzyme le na le matla a maholo e phahameng.

Phetiso ho synapses nyakallo

Hlahloba mochine oa nyakallo ea methapo ea kutlo, re sheba synapses - lihlopha tse hlahang ka segokanyimmediamentsi sa sebolokigolo ea neurocytes tse peli. Nyakallo ea pele seleng ea methapo ea kutlo e etsa hore sebopeho sa collaterals ka axon limolek'hule lona Lik'hemik'hale - mediators. Tsena li akarelletsa-amino acid, acetylcholine, norepinephrine. A eme ka ntle ho woman take bubble ka qetello ea boripana boripana slit, ho ka ama ka bobeli ipatlele postsynaptic lera le ama khetla ea boahelani ea methapo ea kutlo.

neurotransmitters molek'hule ke e halefisang ho liseleng tse ling methapo ea kutlo, a etsa hore lera lona qoso liphetoho - ketso hlahelang. Kahoo, ke thabo e ka potlako ata hammoho likhoele methapo ea kutlo le ho fihla tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng, kapa o ea mesifa le litsoelesa, a etsa hore ba ho nka khato e loketseng.

neuronal plasticity

Bo-rasaense ba fumane hore ka ho tshebetso ya ho embryogenesis, e leng ka ho ba sethaleng sa neurulation, ho ectoderm ea ho ba le palo e kholo haholo ea methapo ea kutlo e ka sehloohong. Ka bang ka 65% ea ba shoa esita le pele a hlaha. Nakong ontogeny ba bang liseleng tsa boko le tsoele pele ho felisoa. Ena ke tshebetso ea tlhaho ea etselitsoe. Neurocytes, ho fapana le lisele tse epithelial kapa connective ha ba khone ho arola le regenerate, ho tloha liphatseng tsa lefutso ke eena ea ikarabellang bakeng sa dithulaganyo tsena di inactivated ka chromosomes tsa batho. Leha ho le joalo, boko ba le tshebetso kelello a ka phehella ka lilemo tse ngata, e sa haholo tsa fokotswa. Sena ke hobane ho sebetsa ha methapo ea kutlo lahlehileng nakong ontogenesis, nka ka liseleng tse ling methapo ea kutlo. Ba na le ho matlafatsa metabolism hao le ho etsa tlatsetso dikgokelo ntjha neural hore buseletsa bakeng sa mosebetsi lahlehile. ketsahalo ena e bitsoa plasticity neurocytes.

Eo e bonahatsoa ke methapo ea kutlo

Qetellong ea lekholo la mashome a mabeli, sehlopha sa neurophysiologists Setaliana e thehile e hantle e thahasellisang: ka lisele tsa tsona li methapo ea kutlo e ka bonahatsa setšoantšo akheha. Sena se bolela hore cortex bokong Ho thehoa phantom kelo-hloko ea batho bao re buisana. Kenyelelitsoe mosebetsi seiponeng oona tsamaisong methapo ea kutlo e resonators mosebetsi kelello ea batho ba ba potolohileng. Ka hona, motho o khona ho nahana ka boikemisetso ba interlocutor ena. Sebōpeho sa neurocytes joalo hape e fana ka e khethehileng kelello ketsahalo bitsoa kutloelo-bohloko. E tšoauoa ke bokhoni ba ho phunyeletse ka lefatše maikutlo a motho e mong 'me a ba utloela bohloko maikutlo a hae.