Haedrojene fluoride: libopeho le dikopo

Har'a metsoako e halogen - likarolo lihlopha 7 tsa lesikeng ka sehloohong ea tsamaiso ea nako le nako tsa likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale D. I. Mendeleeva - haholo bohlokwa e sebetsang ke fluoride hydrogen. Hammoho le halides tse ling hydrogen, le sebelisitsoe ka makala a fapa-fapaneng tsa moruo ea sechaba: bakeng sa dipolasetiki fluorinated, acid e hydrofluoric le matsoai lona. Ka pampiri ena re ithuta sebōpeho sa limolek'hule, ba thepa 'meleng le lik'hemik'hale tsa ntho ena' me u hlahlobe e sebelisa.

History of sibolloa

Lekholong la bo17 la lilemo K. Shvankvard ne boiphihlelo le matsoai fluorspar le asiti sulphate. Bo-rasaense ba fumane hore khase e bile teng nakong ea ikutloa ka tsela eo ile a qala ho senya ho tswa poleiti ea khalase, koahela tube, le motsoako reagent. Sena lobed gaseous ile a tsejoa e le fluoride hydrogen.

asiti Hydrofluoric ile a fumana ka 19 lekholong la lilemo la Gay Lussac ho tswa ho lintho tse bonahalang e tšoanang e tala: fluorite le sulfuric acid e. Ampere liteko la hae e le hore ka sebopeho sa HF molek'hule e tšoanang le chloride hydrogen. E boetse e amana le ditharollo ea metsi ya halides hydrogen. phapang amana acid matla: hydrofluoric - fokolang, 'me chloride - matla.

thepa 'meleng

Khase le lik'hemik'hale moralo HF na le go utlwala bath monko, colorless, hanyenyane bobebe ho feta moea. Har'a halides HI- HBr- HCl- phehile ntlha le qhibiliha ka thelelo fetola, 'me phetoho ea ho HF sharply eketseha. Tlhaloso ea ketsahalo ena e kenyeletsa limolek'hule fluoride hydrogen liforomo metsoalle (Sehlopha sa likaroloana nke lehlakore, pakeng tsa eo ho na le litlamo hydrogen). Ho senya ba, matla eketsehileng hlokahala, ka ho tšoanang e belang e le lintlha tse qhibilihang eketsang. Ho ea ka lipalo le sa segokanyipalo sa khase ho fapaneng le haufi le ntlha e belang (19.5), fluoride hydrogen e entsoe ka aggregates ka sebopeho karolelano ea HF _2. Ha halefile ka hodimo 25 ^{° C,} mehahong tsena li bole butle-butle le ka mocheso ^{ka bang} 90 ° C kenyelletsa ditokiseletso fluoride hydrogen ea limolek'hule HF.

Kamoo u ka ntšang ftorgidrid

Mekhoa ho fumana dintho ba tlas'a maemo a laboratori eo re ho se ho boletsoe, le lefapha, hoo e batlang ha ho letho le se fapana har'a bona: ka reagents ke tsohle fluorspar tšoanang (fluorite) le asiti sulphate.

A mobung matsoai e lokisetsa ka Primorye Zabaikalye, Mexico, USA, pele ntlafatsa ke flotation, ebe o ile a sebelisa mosebetsing oa ho theknoloji ea HF, eo e phethahatsoa ka ho sebopi khethehileng tšepe. Ba ile ba qosoa 'me manya tsoakiloeng le sulphate acid e. Ntlafatsa manya na 55-60% ea _fluorite. Marako a sebōpi lined maqephe a etella pele go therepa fluoride hydrogen. Sena se ile a hloekisa ka lenaneng la ho hlatsoa liaparo le ho folisoa le nako eo le le khutsufalitsoeng. E le hore ho fumana fluoride hydrogen, oa rotary kilns di a sebelisa, tsela e sa tobang heatable ke motlakase. Misa karoloana HF khumo ke ka 0,98, empa ho etsa joalo e na le haelloang teng. Ke nako e telele haholo 'me a hloka ho tshebediso ya kgolo ya sulphate acid e.

The polarity ea limolek'hule le HF

Anhydrous fluoride hydrogen e entsoe ka likaroloana le matla a hore motho a tlame mong ho e mong le foromo aggregates. Sena ke ka lebaka la ho sebopeho hare tsa molek'hule ena. Pakeng tsa haedrojene le fluorine liathomo, e matla lik'hemik'hale tlamo e, e bitswang covalent Polar. E emeloang ke para kakaretso elektrone, ile a khaotsa ho ho feta electronegative fluorine athomo. Ka lebaka leo ftorgidrida limolek'hule tse Polar me e be le mofuta o dipole moment.

Pakeng tsa bona ho na le electrostatic khahloa matla, leng isang metsoalle ketsahalo e. tlamo e bolelele pakeng tsa haedrojene le fluorine liathomo e 92 NM, le matla a eona a lekanang le 42 KJ / Mol. Jwalo ka ntho gaseous kapa mokelikeli e na le motsoako oa mefuta e polymeric H ₂ F _2, H ₄ F _4.

thepa lik'hemik'hale

Anhydrous fluoride hydrogen e na le matla a ho itšoara joang le letsoai la carbonate, metaborate, sulfide nitrite le acid. Bontša thepa oxidative, HF recovers metsoako ka holimo ho carbon dioxide, ka silicon tetrafluoride, sulphide hydrogen le oxides nitric. E ea metsi 40% HF tharollo timetsa ka konkreiti, ka khalase, ka letlalo, rabara, 'me hape le sebedisana ka le ba bang ba oxides kang cu ₂ O. sehlahisoa e fumanoa mahala koporo, fluoride koporo le metsi. Ho na le sehlopha sa dintho tseo HF e sa arabela, mohlala, tšepe e boima, hammoho le magnesium, tšepe, aluminium, nikele.

The tharollo ea metsi ya fluoride hydrogen

E o na le lebitso le asiti hydrofluoric e sebediswa e le 40% le 72% tharollo. Haedrojene fluoride, bath tsa thepa lik'hemik'hale tsa tsona e itšetlehile ka mahloriso tsa lona, keng ha lekanngoa qhibilihang ka har'a metsi. Tabeng ena, mocheso e hlahisoang e hlalosang tshebetso ena e exothermic. Ka seaplane matla acid e ea metsi HF a ileng a itšoara ka tšepe (tloswa itsoara joang ka). Thehoa letsoai - fluorides -, le hydrogen e lokolloa. U se ke ua itšoara ka acid e hydrofluoric tšepe etseng letho - polatinamo le khauta, 'me pele. Asiti passivates e, i.e. bopa filimi sireletsang ka holim'a tšepe e entsoeng ka e insoluble fluoride pele. The ea metsi HF tharollo ka 'na na le litšila tšepe arsenic, dioxide e sebabole, tabeng eo e bitsoa acid e botekgeniki. Concentrated 60% HF tharollo ke habohlokoa ka manyolo k'hemistri a maiketsetso a. E bolokwa ka polasetiki kapa teflon lik'hontheinara, le hydrofluoric acid e tonnage tsamaisoa ka ditanka tšepe.

Karolo e Phethoang ke acid e hydrofluoric ka moruo

A tharollo ea fluoride hydrogen sebediswa bakeng sa tlhahiso ea borofluoride ammonium, oo e leng karolo ea ts'ebetsong ka ferrous le nonferrous metallurgy. Hape, ho e sebelisoa ka tsamaiso e electrolysis ho fumana boron bo hloekileng. asiti Hydrofluoric le sebelisitsoe ka kremneftoridov tlhahiso, tse kang mohlala Na ₂ SiF _6. E e sebelisoa ho hlahisa samente le enamels manganga ho acid matsoai.

Flyuaty fa thepa ea ho haha thepa sa keneleng metsi. Ka tshebetso ya ho kopo tsa bona ho hlokahala hore ho ba hlokolosi, hobane tsohle kremneftoridy nang le chefo e. E tharollo ea metsi ya HF ba boetse le sebelisoa ka tlhahiso ea oli ea maiketsetso ethylene bottom. Ho fapana le matsoai, ba boloke ka e tiileng e qamathelang le theha e filimi sireletsang ka holim 'a sebetsa likarolo, compressors, gearboxes, dibering bobeli ho phahameng' me ka thempereichara e tlaase. Le ea bohlokoa haholo ke ea metsi fluoride hydrogen ka mananose (matting) khalase, hammoho le ka indasteri ea semiconductor moo e sebediswa bakeng sa ka silicon mananose.

Fluorine-e nang le polasetiki

Ka ho fetisisa ratoa tsa tsena ke Teflon (PTFE - 4). Ho ile ha buloa ka hlaheloa ke kotsi. Organic setsebi sa k'hemistri Roy Plankett, ba kopanela tswakana freons, fumanoa ka diselennere le gaseous ethylene cheteryhhloristym bolokwa ka mocheso tsela e sa tloaelehang e tlaase ea sa khase, ka phofo e tšoeu, greasy ho thetsana le. Ho ile ha fumanoa hore ka khatello e phahameng le e tlase mocheso polymerized tetrafluoroethylene.

itsoara joang ka sena se ile sa etsa hore ho thehoe dipolasetiki le lecha. Hamorao e ne e bitsoa Teflon. O na le mocheso o babatsehang le ho hanyetsa a batang. Teflon coatings ba ka katleho le sebelisitsoe ka indasteri ea lijo, indasteri lik'hemik'hale, ka tlhahisong ea cookware le thepa bao e seng thupa. Esita le ka 70 ° ^C PTFE lihlahisoa - 4 ha ke a lahleheloa ke thepa ea bona. Ke e ikhethang phahameng lik'hemik'hale inertness tsa PTFE. Ho e sa senngoa ke ho kopana le dintho mabifi - alkalis le acid. Sena ke sa bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa thepa ea sebelisoa ka dithulaganyo theknoloji ea nitrate le acid sulfate, hydroxide ammonium, hydroxide sodium. Fluorocarbon polymer ka 'na na le metsoako e eketsehileng - modifiers, tse kang khalase kapa lirafshoa, hoo ba ileng ba fetola thepa ea bona, tse kang ea eketseha mocheso ho hanyetsa le durability.

Dissociation tsa fluoride hydrogen

Pejana ho moo re bolella hore mofuta o matla covalent tlamo e, ho phaella moo, bona ka bobona ba khona ho tloaelana ka aggregates, eaba ba etsa litlamo hydrogen ka limolek'hule HF. Ke ka lebaka leo fluoride hydrogen e na le lengolo la tlaase ea dissociation le hampe khomaretse ka tharollo ea metsi ka ions. asiti Hydrofluoric e fokolang ho feta chloride kapa Bromine. litšobotsi tse tsena hlalosa boteng ba lona dissociation manganga, acid e phaella moo letsoai, athe ha chloride kapa liforomo tsa bona ha a iodine litareng e. The dissociation kamehla ea metsi fluoride hydrogen tharollo ke 7x10 ^-4, eo e tiisa 'nete ea hore tharollo lona ke palo e khōlō ea limolek'hule undissociated le tšoauoa dikahare tlaase ea haedrojene le fluorine ions.

Kamoo kotsi ftorgidrid

Re lokela ho hlokomela hore e nang le chefo e bobeli gaseous le mokelikeli fluoride hydrogen. ntho Code - 0342. Hydrofluoric acid e hape o na le makgetha a ho narcotic. Ka tshusumetso lona ka 'mele oa motho, re tla tsepamisa maikutlo hamorao. The classifier tsa ntho ena, hammoho le ftorgidrid anhydrous, ke ka sehlopha sa bobeli a le kotsing. Sena ke ka lebaka la ka holim'a tsohle, e leng bokhoni ba ea fluorine habonolo hotetsa. Ka ho khetheha, thepa ena e totobala ka ho khetheha ka motsoako le tse kang fluoride hydrogen, e leng haholo-holo phahameng Pozharovzryvoopasnost.

Hobaneng beha boemo ba fluoride hydrogen moeeng

Ka ho hlahisa liindasteri tsa HF, o ile a fumana ho tswa ho acid e fluorspar le sulfuric ke ho lahleheloa ke khoneha tsa khase sehlahisoa, eo banyalani ba sepakapakeng. Hopola hore fluoride hydrogen (kotsi sehlopha sa tse - ea bobeli) - lithethefatsi haholo nang le chefo e le hloka go lekanya e tsoelang pele ho tsepamisa mohopolo lona. Ka mesi e kotsi indasteri e na le e ngata ea lik'hemik'hale tse kotsi le tse nang le monyetla kotsi, haholo-holo naetrojene le oxides oa sebabole, sulphides ea tšepe e boima 'me halides hydrogen gaseous. Har'a bona karolo e kgolo ka fluoride hydrogen, eo MPC moeeng ke 0,005 mg, / limithara ³ ka ho ya ka fluorine ka letsatsi. Bakeng sa libaka fektheri moo ho na le moqomo sebōpi, e lebetsoeng le lumeletsoe mahloriso (MPC) e lokela ho ba 0, 1 mg, / limithara ^3.

analyzers khase ea fluoride hydrogen

Ho fumana hore na ke eng likhase tse kotsi le lenane lokolloa sepakapakeng, ho na le khethehileng ho lekanya liletsa. Bakeng sa ba bonoa ba HF mouoane sebelisa analyzers khase photocolorimetric, tse sebelisoa e le mabone a li phutholohe le LEDs ka mehloli semiconductor leseli le photodiodes le phototransistors sebeletsa e le photodetectors. Boikemisetso ba fluoride hydrogen e tšoaroa ka moea sepakapakeng le mong analyzers khase go la la. Ba hlokolosi haholo. HF limolek'hule monya mahlaseli a kotsi ka nako e telele-e tsokoang ka mefuta e fapaneng ya 1-15 microns. Liletsa sebediswa ho fumana hore na litšila tse chefo moeeng le sebakeng sebetsa la likhoebo le liindasteri, e tsitsitseng oscillation mahloriso HF bobeli hara sekhahla lumelloa le e le 'ngoe linako tse ling litaba (technogenic likoluoa, maloetse lipotolohong theknoloji e loketseng ho tshenyo ya phepelo matla joalo-joalo. D.). mesebetsi tsena sebetsa thermoconductometric fluoride hydrogen khase analyzers. Prom. ba phapang mesi e kotsi e thehiloeng HF mogote conductivity ho itšetlehile ka ho hlophisoa ha motsoako gaseous.

Ftorgidrida kotsi tšusumetso e ka 'mele oa motho

E le fluoride anhydrous hydrogen kapa acid e hydrofluoric, eo tharollo ya lona ka metsi, e leng ba sehlopha sa bobeli sa kotsi. Haholo-holo, metsoako tsena ba le tšusumetso e mpe ho tsamaiso ea ea bohlokoa: pelo, excretory, ho hema, 'me letlalo le lera la mucous. The ho kenella ka hare tsa dintho ka letlalo tsoela hlokomeleha le asymptomatic. The liketsahalo tsa toxicity ka iponahatsa ka letsatsi le hlahlamang, 'me ba fumanoa libota na mbonge, e leng ulcerated letlalo, ho leihlo mucosal likarolo holim thehoa keloids. Lung lisele tse timetsoa ka lebaka la ho necrotic lethopa tsa alveoli ena. The fluoride ions qabeletsoe ka mokelikeli kantle ho sele, joale phunyeletse ka lisele tsa tsona li le ba tlame k'halsiamo le magnesium likaroloana kenang ka bophara dinama tse nyenyane tse methapo ea kutlo, ea mali, 'me tubules renal - dibopeho nephron. Ka hona ke haholo-holo tshwanelanang ke taolo hloko diteng tsa fluoride gaseous hydrogen le hydrofluoric acid e mouoane ka sepakapakeng.