Le lihlekehlekeng South Kuril: histori, setho

The ketane lihlekehleke pakeng tsa Kamchatka le Hokkaido, e selikalikoe khonvekse otlolla pakeng tsa Leoatle la Okhotsk le Leoatle la Pacific, ka le moeli oa Russia le Japane ke South Kuril Islands - sehlopha sa Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir le Iturup. libakeng tsena ba hanyetsa baahelani ba rōna, e leng esita le kenyelleditswe bona ka Prefecture Japanese tsa Hokkaido. Hobane libakeng tsena ke le ea bohlokoa haholo moruong le mosolotogamaano, ntoa bakeng sa Southern Kuril Islands o tsoela pele ka lilemo tse ngata.

jeokrafi

Shikotan sehlekehleke sohle e ka bolokolohi e tšoanang e le motse oa Sochi ke tropike, le ho feta e tlase - ka bolokolohi ba Anapa. Leha ho le joalo, boemo ba leholimo ba leholimong ho na le e-s'o ka le e sa lebeletsoe. South Kuril Islands kamehla e le litho tsa bo Hōle North, empa a ke ke a tletleba a matla arctic boemo ba leholimo. Mona mariha bate haholo haholo, ho futhumala lehlabula ha a chesang haholo. mocheso ena, ha ka February - khoeli ea batang - bontša selekanyamogote le ka seoelo tlase likhato -5 Celsius, esita le phahameng mongobo boemo leoatle deprives le tšusumetso e mpe. Lipula kontinenteng tlelaemete e haholo fetohile ka ho ba teng ha haufi Pacific fokolisa le tšusumetso seng ka tlase haufi Arctic. Ha o ka leboea Kuril Islands lehlabuleng la 10, ka karolelano, ho Islands South Kuril lula thabisa ho fihlela ho: +18. Sochi ha e le hantle, empa ha Anadyr.

le lihlekehlekeng selikalikoe Ensimatic teng ka bohale ba lekapa Okhotsk holimo libaka subduction moo Pacific poleiti e qetella. Ka nako e ngata ea South Kuril Islands li koahetsoe ke lithaba, sehlekehlekeng sa Atlasova tlhōrō phahameng ka ho fetisisa - limithara tse fetang tse likete tse peli. Ho na le foqoha seretse se chesang, hobane Islands Kurile tsohle leshano ka Pacific ha seretse se chesang lesale la mollo. Ho na le e phahameng haholo le litšisinyeho tsa lefatše mosebetsi. Mashome a mararo a metso e tšeletseng ba mashome a tšeletseng foqoha seretse se chesang ka mafolofolo Lihlekehlekeng Tsa Kuril tse robeli hloka hlokomela kamehla. Litšisinyeho tsa lefatše ke hoo e batlang e sa khaotseng, 'me joale tluoa tabeng ea kotsi ea tsunami e kholo ka ho fetisisa ba lefatše. Ho joalo, Shikotan, Simushir Paramushiro ho pheta-pheta 'me ka matla haholo, amehang ke koluoa ena. Haholo-holo tsunami e kholo ne ka 1952, 1994 le 2006.

Resources, limela

Ka libaka le lebōpong la leoatle le libakeng tsa Lihlekehleke li ba tsa utolola mehloli ea oli, khase ea tlhaho, mercury, palo e khōlō ea tšepe batho bao e seng ferrous. Mohlala, haufi seretse se chesang le Curly na ea lefatše ho ea ruileng a tsebahalang mobung oa rhenium. Tazhe boroa le lihlekehlekeng Kuril tumme ka meepo oa sebabole matsoalloa a teng. Mona, ka kakaretso mehlodi ya khauta - boima ba lithane tse 1867, le silevera e ngata haholo - boima ba lithane tse 9284, thaethaniamo ka bang limilione tse mashome a mane a boima ba lithane tse, tšepe - boima ba lithane tse makholo a mabeli mashome a supileng-ba limilione tse tharo. Joale ntshetsopele ya mehlodi ya matsoai emetse linako tse molemo, ba ile ba ha ba bakae haholo tikolohong eo, ka ntle ho sebaka joaloka Southern Sakhalin. Kuril Islands ka kakaretso li ka nkoa e le mohlodi setoro naheng bakeng sa letsatsi le pula e. tse peli tsa Straits ea Lihlekehlekeng Tsa Kuril feela ke likepe tsohle selemo ho pota, hobane ha le hatsele. Sehlekehleke sena sa South Kuril - Urup, Kunashir, Iturup, 'me pakeng tsa bona - Straits Catherine Vries.

Ntle le liminerale, ho na le ba bangata ba mehlodi ya ba bang hore e matleng a hae ho batho bohle. Sena limela le liphoofolo tsa Lihlekehlekeng Tsa Kuril. Ho fapana haholo ho tloha ka leboea ho ea ka boroa, e le bolelele ba bona e moholo ka ho lekaneng. Ka leboea ho ea Lihlekehlekeng Tsa Kuril ke sparse haholo limela, 'me ka boroa - phaene moru hlollang Sakhalin kalse mohbat, Kurile larch, phaene Balck. Ho phaella moo, lifate le sephara-leaved ka sehlekehleke koahetse lithaba le maralla a kenya letsoho ka mafolofolo haholo: Curly eike, Elm le maple leaf lifate, lifate tsa morara kalopanax, hydrangeas, Actinidia, lemongrass, morara tse hlaha le tse ling tse ngata. Esita Magnolia ka Kushanire na - feela mefuta hlaha obovate Magnolia. likarolong tse ngata ea limela ae kgabisa Lihlekehleke South Kuril (landschap Foto khomaretse) - e Kuril lehlaka, eo se sa finyellehe habonolo moferong pata ho tswa ho mahlong a ba matsoapo a lithaba le metshetshe moru. Grass mona ka lebaka la boemo ba leholimo bonolo le mongobo ke phahameng haholo le tse fapa-fapaneng. A mangata frutos e ka ntšitsoeng ka tekanyo khoebo: lingonberry, crowberry, Honeysuckle, blueberries le ba bang ba bangata.

Liphoofolo, linonyana le litlhapi

Lihlekehleke Kuril (haholo-holo a fapaneng tabeng ena o ka leboea) Bere e sootho le kakanyo feela e le 'ngoe le ka Kamchatka. Ka boroa, e ka ba feela joalokaha ho hongata haholo, ha e sa ho ba teng ha makalana Russia sesole. lihlekehlekeng tsena tse nyenyane, bere le hlahlamang ho rockets haufi-ufi ea ho phela. Empa haholo-holo ka lintho tse ngata tse ka boroa tsa liphokojoe, hobane bakeng sa bona fepa ka ho na le haholo. Nyenyane litoeba - palo e khōlō le ho mefuta e fapaneng ya mefuta e, ho na le boetse ho na le ka seoelo haholo. From liphoofolo tse anyesang naha mona ke a mane Detachment:-'mankhane (sootho telele-eared mankhane, Myotis), mebutlanyana, litoeba le likhoto, liphoofolong tse hlaha (liphokojoe, libere, le hoja ho na le tse seng kae, mink le sable).

Ea liphoofolo tse anyesang metsing ka metsing lebōpong la leoatle ea sehlekehleke otters phele ho leoatle, Anthurium (a mofuta ofe tiiso insular), litau leoatle le leoatle namane. A pejana ho tloha lebōpong le ka ho na le e ngata ea cetaceans - li-dolphin, molai maruarua, maruarua, maruarua, maruarua peō ea botona le floaters leboea. Accumulations ea litiiso eared, litau leoatle li hlokomela ho pota lebōpong la Lihlekehlekeng Tsa Kuril, haholo-holo e ngata ba ka Iturup Island. Ka nako u bona likolone tsa litiiso boea, litiiso Bearded, ringed liqibi, impellers. mokhabiso oa metsing bophelo - otters leoatle. Precious boea a ne a le haufi le ho fela nakong e fetileng morao tjena haholo. Hona joale boemo boo e butle-butle tsamaiso di nyalantswe le otters ena. Fish ka metsi mabopong e le ea bohlokoa haholo a moruo, empa ho na le ho feta le makhala, le clams, le squid, 'me likomkomere leoatle, tsohle crustaceans, leoatle. Baahi ba Islands South Kuril e haholo-holo a hapa tlhahiso ea lijo tse tsoang leoatleng. Ka kakaretso, sebakeng sena ka bitsoa ntle ho feteletsa taba e 'ngoe ea libakeng tse sa bohlokoa haholo ho maoatle.

linonyana bokolone etsa sabaletseng le bohehang rookeries. Ho fulmars, petrels, cormorants, gulls tse sa tšoaneng, kittiwake, guillemot, deadlocks, 'me ba bangata, batho ba bangata ho feta. Tse ngata mona le Red Book, ka seoelo - albatrosses le petrels, Semandarine letata, phakoe e jang litlhapi, lintsu, ntsu, peregrine phakoe, Merlin, e khubelu-moqhaka cranes le common snipe of, liphooko. Overwinter ka Kuriles tloha letata - mallard, teal, ft gogol, likhantsi, mergansers, lintsu leoatle. Ke 'nete hore a mangata feela ba tloaelehileng le lirobele le cuckoos. Feela Iturup mefuta e fetang makholo a mabeli tsa linonyana, eo lekholo - nesting. The Kuril pokello phela mefuta mashome a robeli a metso e mene e tsoang ho tse thathamisitsoeng ka Red Book.

History: The ea leshome le metso e supileng la Lilemo

Kuril Islands phehisano ba ne ba sa hlahella maobane. Pele ho fihla ha Japanese le Serussia Ainu re ne re lula mona, ba kopana le batho ba ncha e nang le lentsoe "kuru", eo ho ne ho bolela hore - batho. Russia lata lentsoe, le metlae bona 'me a bitsa matsoalloa "Kuriles". Ka hona ho lebitso la sehlopha sa lihlekehleke kaofela. The Japanese entse 'mapa oa pele oa Sakhalin le Kuriles tsohle. Sena se etsahetse ka 1644. Leha ho le joalo, ho Kuril Islands ngangisano ho ile ha hlaha esita le ka nako eo, hobane selemo pele limmapa tse ling tsa sebakeng seo li ile tsa etsoa ke ea Dutch, a eteletsoeng pele ke de Vries.

Lefatše e 'nile oa hlalosoa. Empa e fosahetseng. Freese, lebitso fanoeng ho bona sibolla mochophorong, Iturup ngotsoe ke ka leboea-bochabela ea Hokkaido, le Urup nkoa e le karolo ea Amerika Leboea. Ka Urup ho ne ho hlomamisoa sefapano, 'me naha ena eohle ho boleloa hore thepa ea Netherlands. A Russia tlile mona ka 1646 le leeto la Ivan Moskvitina, le Cossack Kolobov le lebitso qabola Nekhoroshkov Ivanovic hamorao o ile a re mebala-bala ka bearded Ainu ba lulang sehlekehlekeng seo. Ka mor'a moo, e nyenyane fumane boitsebiso bo eketsehileng e pharaletseng e ne e tsoa Kamchatka leeto Vladimir Atlasova ka 1697.

lekholong la lilemo la ea leshome le metso e robeli

Nalane ya Afrika Kuril Islands e re e le kannete Russia o ile a linaha tsena ka 1711. Kamchatka Cossacks mo fetohela, a bolaea bathapi, ebe ba nahana molemo ea eona 'me a etsa qeto ea ho fumana tshwarelano kapa timela. Ka hona leeto nkeloa ho tsamaea ka linaheng tse ntjha uncharted. Daniele le Ivan Antsiferov Kozyrevsky le detachment ka August 1711 lula lihlekehlekeng tse ka leboea le Paramushir Shumshu. leeto lena feela tsebo e ncha ka orilla eohle ea lihlekehlekeng ho akarelletsa Hokkaido. Tabeng ena, ka 1719-limithara Peter e Moholo o ile a laela morolo le Ivanu Evreinovu le Fedor Luzhin, ka boiteko ba mefuta e fapaneng kaofela lihlekehlekeng tseo e ile a phatlalatsa tšimong ea Russia, ho akarelletsa le sehlekehlekeng sa Simushir. Empa Ainu, ya e le hantle, ho mamela 'me u tsamaee ka tlas'a puso ea Tsar Russia ba ne ba sa batle ho. Feela 1778 Antipin le Shabalin susumelletsoa Kuril meloko le ba moahi oa Russia e fetile batho ba ka bang likete tse peli le Iturup, Kunashir le esita Hokkaido. Le ka 1779th le Catherine II o ile a ntša molao-taelo ho lokolla e ncha bafo bohle ka bochabela ho tloha makhetho efe kapa efe. Esita le moo li hohlanang Japanese qala. Ba ne ba bile thibeloa ho ba teng Russia Kunashir, Iturup le Hokkaido.

Real taolo ka Serussia Ho na le ha ho joalo, empa mananeo ba ne ba huloa naha. Le Hokkaido ho sa tsotellehe ho ba le ka sebaka sa eona e leng motse Japanese e ngotsoe e le la Russia. The Japanese li boetse ho bile le ho Kurils boroa li ngata 'me hangata, e leng seo ea baahi ea moo ba hloile le letona. Ho phahama ha hlile ba na le matla a ho Ainu, empa kotsi ho fokolang hore ba tlil'o hlaseloa: Sekepe ya ho moroallo, ba ba karolo e nyenyane chesoa. Ka 1799, e Japanese ba 'nile ba sireletsa Iturup le Kunashir ile ha hlophisoa. Leha ho batšoasi Russia ba ile ba lula moo nako e itseng tse fetileng - ka lilemo tse 1785-87, - le Japanese bona crudely a kōptjoa hore a siee sehlekehleke sena 'me a timetsa bopaki bohle ba Russia ba teng ha naheng ena. Nalane ya Afrika Kuril Islands ne ho se ho qala ho fumana merero ea bolotsana, empa ha ho motho o ne a tseba ka nako eo kamoo ho tla ba nako e telele-ho matha. Ka lilemo tse ngata pele mashome a supileng - ho fihlela 1778 - Russia le Japanese u se ke ua esita le ile a kopana le ka Kuriles. seboka se ileng sa etsahala ka Hokkaido, e leng ka nako eo o ne a e-s'o hlōloe ke Japane. The Japanese tlile ho Trade le Ainu, 'me mona ke Russia tlhapi tšoasa. Ke 'nete hore bahlabani ba tlala bohale, o ile a qala ho sisinyeha ho sebetsa. Catherine o ile a romela wa borumuwa mebuso ho Japane, empa moqoqo e ne e se e atleha.

lekholong la lilemo la ea leshome le metso e robong - lekholong la tsa phetoho ka

Ka 1805, khoebo lipuisano tsoela pele ho leka e tummeng Nikolai Rezanov, ea ileng a fihla ka Nagasaki le hlōlehileng ho phethahala. Ne a ke ke ema le ho hlajoa ke lihlong, o ile a laela lijana tse peli ho etsa leeto la sesole ho Islands Southern Kuril - hanyetsoa masimong a kotsing. Phello e bile e le ho iphetetsa ho molemo bakeng sa timetsoa ha lifektheri Russia, methapo ea secheso le lelekoa (tseo ba ileng ba pholoha) batšoasi ba litlhapi. maloa ba lifektheri Japanese ne a timetsoe, li chesa motse tse Iturup. likamano tsa Serussia-Japanese tlile ho ea pele ho ntoa sefahleho ho qetela.

Feela 1855 ho ile ha etsoa pele delineation sebele oa masimong. Islands Northern - Russia, South - Japane. Plus kopanetsoeng Sakhalin. Ke khauho ho ne ho fana ka lihlapi morui, ba Afrika Kuril Islands, Kunashir - haholo-holo. Etorofu, Habomai le Shikotan hape ba Japanese. Le ka 1875, Russia hlōla le letona ho rua undivided tsa Sakhalin bakeng sa cession ho tsohle, ntle ho mokgelo, Japane, e Islands Kuril.

Lilemong tsa bo-mashome a mabeli: ho hlōloa le tlhōlo

Serussia Japanese Ntoa ka 1905 Russia, ho sa tsotellehe ho sebediswa ha heroism re lokeloe ke lipina cruisers le gunboats ntoeng e sa lekaneng, ba ba hlōla, lahlehileng le ntoa 'me halofo ea Sakhalin - boroa, ho bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa. Empa ka February 1945, ha ba hlōle Jeremane ea Bonazi e ile ntse esale pele, Soviet Union e ile ea boemo ba Great Britain le United States: o tla hlōla, 'me sa Majapane, ha re khutlela tšimong eo e le ea Russia: Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Lihlekehleke Kuril. Entseng selekane le a tšepisa, 'me ka July 1945 Soviet Union e ile e tiisitse boitlamo lona. Se ka e le qalo ea September, Lihlekehleke Kuril ne botlalo lula masole a Soviet Union. 'Me ka February 1946, o ile a ntša molao-taelo ka sebopeho sa sebaka se South Sakhalin, e kenyeletsang Kuril Islands le ka botlalo, e ileng ea fetoha karolo ea Khabarovsk Territory. Kahoo ho ne ho ka ho khutla ha South Sakhalin le Kuril Islands Russia.

Japane o ile a tlameha ho saena selekane khotso ka 1951, e leng o ile a re e sa reretsoe le ke ke ho le tokelo ya ho ditokelo, dihlooho le ditlaleo mabapi le Lihlekehlekeng Tsa Kuril. Le ka 1956, Soviet Union le Japane ke loketse ho saena Moscow Phatlalatso, eo e tiisa hore qetellong ea ntoa pakeng tsa e bolela. E le pontšo ea kamohelo e Soviet Union ba ile ba lumela ho fetisetsa Japane e na le lihlekehleke tse peli tse Kuriles: Shikotan le Habomai, empa Japanese hana ho amohela bona ka lebaka la hore ba ditlaleo lihlekehlekeng tse ling tse ka boroa - Iturup le Kunashir - u se ke ua tela. Mona hape ne ama United States ho hloka botsitso ka boemo boo, ha a sokeloa ka ka taba ea ho saenela ya tokomane ena ke ho se khutlise Japanese sehlekehlekeng sa Okinawa. Ke ka lebaka leo ho fihlela hona joale e Islands South Kuril - hanyetsoa masimong.

The Age kajeno, ea mashome a mabeli-lekhetlo la pele

Kajeno, bothata ba Afrika Kuril Islands ntse tshwanelanang, ho sa tsotellehe 'nete ea hore nako e telele-a eme bophelo khotso le Serene sebakeng sohle. Le Japane Russia baa sebelisana ka mafolofolo ka ho lekaneng, empa nako le nako ka puo mabapi le Kuril Islands disebediso hlaha. Ka 2003 o ne a ile a amohela Serussia-Japanese Action Plan ka tšebelisano-'moho pakeng tsa linaha tse peli. Bapresidente le basebeletsi ba ka sehloohong ba fanana maeto a, hloma mekhatlo e mengata ea Russia-Japanese setsoalle sa maemo a fapaneng. Leha ho le joalo, ba lula ba sa ditlaleo tsohle tšoanang tse hlahisoang ke Japanese, empa e se o ile a amohela Serussia.

Selekane sa bonngoe bakeng sa ho khutla ha libakeng - moifo ho tswa NGO, ratoang Japane, kaha o bile 2006 ka Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Ka 2012, ha ho le jwalo, Japane e felisa ka ho feletseng lentsoe "e seng molaong Mosebetsi" mabapi le Russia litabeng e amanang le Islands Kuril le Sakhalin. Le ka Islands Kuril tsoela pele ntshetsopele ya mehlodi ya hore lenaneo muso oa tsoelo-pele ea tikolohong eo, e ntseng e eketseha palo ya dithuso tsa ditjhelete, ho e theha libaka le dikgothaletso lekhetho, sehlekehleke se eteloa ke ba boholong ka ho fetisisa profinseng ea naha.

dithusaleago bothata

Ke joang u ka se amohela litokomane saennweng ka February 1945 Yalta, moo ho tšoareloang liboka tsa naheng tse sebetsang le-ba khahlanong le Hitler a entseng selekane a etsa qeto ea qetello ea Islands Kuril le Sakhalin, ba tla khutlela ho Russia hang-hang ka mor'a hore a hlōle Japane? Le Japane e ke ke saenele Potsdam Phatlalatso ka mor'a ho saena ka lebitso la ditumellano tsa inehele? Saennweng ka mor'a hore tsohle. 'Me ho bonahala ka ho hlaka hore bobusi ba lona e felle feela sehlekehlekeng sa Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku le Honshu. Tsohle! September bobeli 1945 tokomane ena e saenwa ke Japane, ka hona, 'me maemo a ho bolela, ba ile ba o ile a tiisa.

Le borobeli September 1951 selekane khotso ea San Francisco ile saennoe, moo a neng a e Ngola hlobohile ditlaleo tsohle ho ea Lihlekehlekeng Tsa Kuril le Sakhalin sehlekehleke sohle ho lihlekehleke haufi. Sena se bolela hore bobusi ba lona ba fetang libaka tsena, o ile a fumana ka mor'a hore ntoa 1905 Russia-Japanese, ha ho na e sa sebetse. Leha ho le joalo mona ho US entse ka bolotsana haholo, phaella ka ho re polelong qhekellang haholo, ka lebaka la ho e Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia le tumellano e sa saennweng. naheng ena le joalo, e ka kamehla, lentsoe ha le 'na, e le ho na le kamehla ho bua ka sebōpeho sa' e 'ralipolotiki ea lona, empa tse ling tsa likarabo tsena le tla bolela - ". ha ho na" US sietse loophole ka tumellano bakeng sa Japane, e hanyenyane licked le leqeba le ho lokolloa, haholo etsahetseng, pampiri cranes ka mor'a hore libomo tsa nyutlelie, e nchafatsoa ditlaleo lona.

likhang

Ba ne ba ka tsela e latelang:

1. Ka 1855, ho Selekane sa Shimoda Kuriles entse ho domains ea baholo-holo ba Japane.

2. The maemo a ea molao ea Japane e le hore le lihlekehlekeng Chishima ha kenyelletsoa ketane Kuril, kahoo Japane e ke ke ba lahlile, ya saenelwa konteraka ea San Francisco.

3. The Soviet Union ba ne ba sa ho saena tumellano ea San Francisco.

Kahoo Japane ditlaleo paballo ya naha di hlahiswa ho lihlekehleke Southern Kuril tsa Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir le Iturup, bao palo yohle sebakeng ke km 5175 lisekoere, le seo ho thoeng ke masimo a ka leboea, bao e leng Japane. Ho fapana le Russia o ile a re ka ntlha ya pele hore ntoa Serussia-Japanese hlakotsoe Selekane sa Shimoda, ka ntlha ea bobeli - hore Japane saena phatlalatso mabapi le ho fela ha ntoa, e leng, gareng ga tse dingwe, o ile a re lihlekehleke tse peli tse - Habomai le Shikotan - USSR o ne a itokiselitse lefa ka mor'a hore ya go saena selekane khotso. Ka ntlha ea boraro Russia lumellana: e, Soviet Union ba ne ba sa ho saena pampiri ka phetolo bolotsana. Empa naha joalo ke le sieo, e le hore re lule re ka.

Ka nako ea hae le USSR bua ka ditlaleo paballo ya naha ho tla etsa hore ka tsela e itseng e le tšitiso, empa ha e oa, Japane bile le sebete sa. Leha ho le joalo, ho bonahala, 'me hona joale proclivities tsena tsa lefeela. Leha ho 2004 Letona la Litaba Tsa Naha Esele 'me a bolela hore o ile a lumela ho bua ka libakeng tse le Japane, Leha ho le joalo, ntho e' ngoe e hlakile: Ha ho phetoho Lihlekehlekeng Tsa Kuril ke ke etsahala.