Koporo-nikele: thepa, GOST. Tlhahiso ea lits'epe tse kopantsoeng koporo-nikele. Hloekisa lichelete tsa tšepe tsa motsoako koporo-nikele

Koporo ke oa sehlopha sa ba tšepe batho bao e seng ferrous. Foromo lona e hloekileng e nang le e phahameng mogote le motlakase conductivity, e leha ho le joalo haholo-holo sebelisoa ho indasteri e ea motlakase. Koporo - e lintho tse bonahalang ductile haholo, e leng lends ka boeona e ka ba hantle hore kalafo khatello ea ho a batang le chesa.

Ho ntlafatsa phetha molao moralo le tshebetso thepa ba lobed tsa koporo e sebelisa e le lirafshoa tse ling. Ka lebaka leo, tshebetso logan fetola sebōpeho sa lattices le kristale, ho na le mekhoa ea puisano e eketsehileng pakeng tsa ions le liathomo. E leng ho eketsa motsoako matla bapisoa le tšepe e hloekileng.

Seo koporo alloyed le nikele

Ha alloying nikele e ka sehloohong alloying elements. E na le ho hanyetsa ts'enyeho Leha ho le joalo, e haholo-holo sebelisoa bakeng sa ho satalatsa. Ha alloying ka foromo koporo ditharollo tsoelang pele tiileng. Koporo-nikele fumanang a mangata a makgetha a ho le lecha:

• eketsa mocheso ho hanyetsa ba boitsebiso boo;
• haholo fokotswa mocheso coefficient tsa resistivity;
• ho na le e phahameng ho hanyetsa ts'enyeho, haholo-holo ka metsi a letsoai.

tlhophiso

The thepa ya motsoako koporo-nikele itšetlehile ka peresente ya nikele leng le lintho tse ling. Hona joale, ba bōptjoa a mangata thepa e ncha e khethehileng le harakteristikami.V buka e ikhethang ho itšetlehile ka kopo, ba ile ba ba aroloa ka mehaho le motlakase.

• Mehaho - na phahameng anticorrosion le matla litšobotsi tse. Products ba bona ba manganga ho mecha ea litaba ba mabifi. Ena le silevera ea Jeremane, nikele silevera le kunial. A ikhethang lethathamo lena ke Monel, eo ho hlophisoa le boholo ba thepa ea motheo e ke a batla a fapaneng.
• Electro - ho ba eketsehile ho hanyetsa ea motlakase le thepa thermoelectric, ho sebelisa ha bona ka matla le motlakase boenjiniere. Ho constantan, manganin le Copel.

Tsebo ea lik'hemik'hale le lintho tse khethollang 'meleng ho fumana hore na motsoako koporo-nikele ka seng sa lihlopha tse.

Sejeremane le silevera ea

Ho kenyelletsa ditokiseletso hoo e ka bang 80% koporo, 20% nikele, hammoho le tšepe e nyenyane le mankanese. motsoako o joalo o tsejoa ho batho ba esita le ka III lekholong la lilemo la BC. e. o bitsoa "ea koporo e tšoeu" ka lebaka la ho khanya 'mala silevera, eo e tšoana silevera. Ho na le e phahameng thepa-ba khahlanong le ts'enyeho, le thōko kgolo ya polokeho le durability tsa motsoako koporo-nikele. Qhibiliha ntlha - le kakanyo feela e 1170 ° C. ductility ntle ka sebetsana Products la khatello. Le sebelisitsoe ka tlhahiso ea capacitors, e entsoe ka liletsa tsa bongaka, ho roala mabenyane a cheap, cutlery, lichelete tsa tšepe.

nikele fumana silevera

Ena motsoako koporo-nikele le go tlaleletsa ka zinki le 'mala o silevera ea hae ka' mala o botala. Ho itšetlehile ka mofuta o le ka ba le ho fihlela ho 35% ya nikele le ho fihlela ho 45% zinki, ba bang kaofela - koporo. Joalo dikahare tiileng zinki haholo fokotsa litsenyehelo tsa ho ba ho hlahisoeng lona. Sejeremane le silevera ea nang le hoo e ka bang e tšoanang phetha molao thepa ka cupronickel ena. Ho manganga ho ts'enyeho, tsoarellang, bonolo ka ho lekaneng hore ho sebetswa ka mokhoa chesang le a batang khatello.

Ka linako tse ling ka ho eketsehileng doped etella pele ho machining molemo. Haholo-holo hobane e manufactures dikarolo liletsa, lioache le liletsa tsa bongaka. Hoa thahasellisa hore kajeno ka lebaka la litšenyehelo tlaase ka lebaka la hae, hangata e ho feta silevera Jeremane, ho hlahisa mabenyane, likhau le ditaelo. Nikele Silver le boetse le sebelisoa ka tlhahisong ea enamel.

Kunial

Ho na le e nikele koporo botlaaseng - 20%, eketsa e nyenyane ea aluminium. Fused ka mocheso oa 1183 ° C lateloa ke tima 'me ba seng ba hōlile ho feta fihlellwa matla phahameng haholo le ho hanyetsa batang. Arotswe sehlopheng A (MNA13-3) le B (6-1,5 MNA).
Cha A na le litšobotsi tse peli tsa bohlokoa - matla a phahameng le o ikhethang ho hanyetsa ts'enyeho ka libakeng senyang. Ka mohlala, ka metsi a leoatle, e ka sebetsa ka lilemo tse mashome. Ka lebaka leo, motsoako e sebediswa bakeng sa ho etsa likarolo merero e khethehileng (masokoana).

Sehlopheng B na thepa khona ho inchafatsa, kahoo, ho e ho pharaletseng sebelisoa ho proizvodnje likarolo rekere eang teng le boikarabelo. Ho boetse ho na le manganga haholo ho khefu ka a batang. From le lihlahisoa likarolo mehaho sebetsa ka maemo a tlaase mocheso.

Monel

E na le tse ka bang peli ho ba bararo nikele le e 'ngoe-ea boraro koporo. Qhibiliha ntlha - 1350 ° C. The thepa ka sehloohong oa motsoako koporo-nikele - ho hanyetsa ts'enyeho. Ho na le e phahameng ho phetha molao feela thepa - matla le deformation polasetiki. Monel cha NMZhMts na le ka bang 28% koporo, 3% tšepe, ka 3% ea magnesium, e nyenyane ea cobalt le nikele.

E na le litšobotsi tse tšoanang Monel-400. O ke cha ea Special tšepe Corporation le ile patented ka 1906. Ka lebaka leo, lik'hamphani tse ling tse thepa ka se ke ua sebelisa lebitso la sena. Kahoo ho na le motsoako o mong - Nicorros. Leha ho le joalo, thepa tsena ke le tsoanang ka lik'hemik'hale tsohle le botekgeniki harakteristikam.Tak motsoako ho na le tse fetang halofo ea peresente ya nikele, litšenyehelo tsa lona ke ho ena e phahameng. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le theknoloji ea tlhahiso ea motsoako koporo-nikele sebelisa lihlahisoa tse tala ea tlhaho sulphide tšepe le diteng tsa likarolo tse peli, ntle le karohano pele ka constituents motho. Sena se ka fokotsa litsenyehelo tsa ho ba sehlahisoa ho qetela.

Monel e sebediswa bakeng sa tlhahiso, ekspluatruemyh ka libakeng mabifi tlas'a phahameng phetha molao loading. Sena shipbuilding, lik'hemik'hale le indasteri ea oli, proizvodnje oa liletsa tsa bongaka, likarolo tse mahlonoko tseo tsa mechine e le lisebelisoa.

constantan

Ho e tšoeu 'mala le tšobotsi molasses yellowish. Sebopeho bopilwe: -59% koporo; nikele - 39-41%; Mankanese - 1-2%. Qhibiliha mocheso le 1260 ° C. Ena motsoako koporo-nikele o ba amohetse lebitso la lona ho tloha thepa ka sehloohong - mogote botsitso. Ho na le tshebetso e ntle haholo ea ho hanyetsa motlakase ka tlaase coefficient mocheso katoloso ya. The motsoako ke tlhahiso ea thermocouple terata, ka proizvodnje oa liletsa, hammoho le likarolo motlakase futhumatsang hore o sebetse ka thempereichara e ho fihlela ho likhato 400-500.

Lithapo entsoe ka constantan, tlas'a mocheso kalafo e khethehileng, ka lebaka la tseo holim tšepe ho theha e tšesaane oxide e filimi. Le sehlahisoa sena ha a hloke lacquering eketsehileng kapa barbotage sireletsang. Constantan ke polasetiki haholo. thepa ena e dumella ho e sebelisa ka ho tjheseletsa koporo-nikele lits'epe tse kopantsoeng.

The bozangi litomba ya constantan ke toka e phahameng EMF lona - ka 43 MV. Sena se felisa tšebeliso ea lithapo le litheipi tsa mo ka phahameng sebetsa ka ho nepahetseng ho lekanya liletsa.

manganin

E nang le ka 5% nikele, 12% mankanese le botlaaseng koporo. Qhibiliha ntlha - 960 ° C. Ho thahasellisang ke hore manganin e ile ea qaptjoa ke American Edward Venstonom ka ka 1888 ka motheo oa bona ba ile ba qapa constantan ka lintho tse bonahalang e khethehileng bakeng sa windings ea lisebelisoa tsa motlakase. Ho na le e phahameng ea motlakase resistivity le tlaase haholo EMF di behuwe ka bobedi ka koporo (e seng tse fetang 1 MV), e leng distinguishes e tsoa ho e constantan.

E le hore ho fokotsa mocheso coefficient ba hanyetsa manganovuyu terata e annealed ka thempereichara e ka bang 600 likhato tlas'a lephaka, 'me joale butle-butle folisoa. theknoloji ena e dumella ho eketsa mocheso ho tseo tse bonahalang e le e lule e thepa lona motlakase ho fihlela ho 200 ° C. Se ka terata leqeba kela ho eketsehileng ka makhetlo-khetlo halefile ho 150 ° C. Sena se etsa ntho e itseng le phello ea botsofali maiketsetso, ka mor'a moo e fetola ka sebopeho bonaletsang tsa tšepe li fokotsa.

Sebaka se ka sehloohong sa ho sebelisa manganin joaloka lintho tse bonahalang le ea tsitsitseng resistivity - etsa thepa liletsa tse fapa-fapaneng sebetsa ka ho nepahetseng ho lekanya tshebetso ya jwale motlakase (amperage, gagamalo, matla).

Kopel

E mong motsoako khethehileng. E na le koporo, 43% nikele, tšepe banyenyane le mankanese. Qhibiliha mocheso 1290 ° C. Le karo-karolelano homolog stably tlaase resistivity le TEDS phahameng di behuwe ka bobedi ka lits'epe tse kopantsoeng fapaneng tšepe sebediswa bakeng sa tlhahisong ea terata ya thermocouples le li-electrode. Pontshi TEDS eketseha lintho tse bonahalang ho lekana le mocheso sebetsa:

• likhato tse 100 Celsius - 6,95V;
• ka 600 - 49B.

Copel haholo thermally tsitsitseng - ntle le senya thepa ea motheo e ka mamella mocheso ho fihlela ho likhato tse 600 'me e manganga ho ts'enyeho.
Copel thermocouple kutlo e sebelisoa ka le disebediswa tse bakeng sa go lekanya contactless mocheso. The thermocouples li sebelisoa ka TEDS palo e kahodimodimo - chromium koporo kapa tšepe likarolo tsena ke li-electrode ntle 'me Copel -negative. Kopel-chromel thermocouple e sebediswa haholo-holo ka pyrometry bakeng sa go baya leitlho e tsoelang pele ea mocheso ka mefuta e fapaneng ya ho tswa ho likhato tse 200 ho tse 600 ka Litlhophiso tsa indasteri le laboratori ea.

thulaganyou e qhibilihisa

Ka ho hlahisa lits'epe tse kopantsoeng koporo-nikele khomarela theknoloji e batlang e le ka tsela e tšoanang. Melchior, nikele silevera, kunial, constantan, manganin pele qhibilihile ka sebōping induction tlas'a bethe mashala calcined. Phaella ka ho re ho ea methaka ya matlakala ho ba 80%.

tshebetso e qala ka ho qhibilihisa sa koporo le nikele. Ha ba ntse ba qhibiliha le a phaella ka matlakala chunks kgolo, ka nako eo o motle. Fetileng imetsoeng zinki. Ka mor'a hore le qhibilihang ho qetela ho tefo ho hatisa deoxidized le mankanese le silicon e (nikele tsa silevera tse), kapa ka silicon le mankanese (constantan le nikele tsa silevera tse). Ka mor'a moo a tloswa holim qhibiliha le slag lohle le eketsa esita le mashala a lifate. Futhumatsa le boima e matla ea ho ea mocheso ka bang 1300 ° C, o ile a phaella ka ho re chloride mankanese bakeng hloekisa haeba ho hlokahala.

Hanyenyane e fapaneng ho pheha mokhoa kunialey hobane ba na le aluminium. Pele kenyelletsa aluminium ka qhibiliha e hlokahalang ho eketsa 0,1% mankanese bakeng deoxidation. Mora dissolving sa aluminium qhibiliha holim fafatse ts'ebetsong. Haeba sena e sa entseng, filimi thehoa ho tloha eo ho qhibiliha fetoha tšoanelehe bakeng sa ho tšela.

Lik'hemik'hale, thepa 'meleng le mehaho beha eang sebakeng fapaneng lits'epe tse kopantsoeng koporo-nikele. GOST 492-73, GOST 5063-73, GOST 5187-70, GOST 5220-78, GOST 17217-79 le GOST 10155-75 litekanyetso tsa hae ke tsa motheo ka proizvodnje bona.

coinage

Pota qetellong ea tse lekholo tse fetileng hohle qala ho lichelete tsa tšepe koena ea motsoako koporo-nikele. sebopeho lona e fapane haholo mints fapaneng. Empa haholo-holo ho na le ho fihlela ho 30% nikele, tšepe tse nyenyane hloeke le koporo ka botlaaseng itseng. Ho tloha ka tloaelehileng tšepe ka lichelete tsa tšepe ho ba haholo-holo ductile, bonolo, tsoarellang le theko e tlaase, tsela e molemo eo re ikemiselitse ho hlophisoa ha motsoako chelete ea tšepe. Ka mor'a moo ka ho khetheha e ratoang bakeng sa tlhahisong ea lichelete tsa tšepe nikele le silevera ea sebelisoa.

Morao-rao lichelete tsa tšepe Russia li entsoe ka lits'epe tse kopantsoeng fapaneng. Ka ho khetheha, ho feletseng bopilwe nikele lichelete tsa tšepe tsa silevera tse ile a ntša pele 2009. Tšepe lichelete tsa tšepe tsa lisente tse 'ngoe le e' meli a metso e mehlano-ruble koporo a tlotsitsoeng le mokato tšesaane tsa silevera nikele. lintho tse joalo o bitsoa "bimetal". Kahoo ho feta le ho feta fokolitse litšenyehelo tsa ho etsa thepa ea chelete metallic.

Lits'epe tse kopantsoeng tsa koporo le nikele, hanyane bonolo hore moea ho kena moea. Ka hona, matšoao a lona e ka fumanoa feela ho lichelete tsa tšepe tsa khale, kapa tseo e ne e le khale bile libakeng tletseng bora. Litsebi, letlotlo litsomi le chelete ea tšepe e sebelisoang bakeng sa ho hloekisa ea exemplar ea lichelete tsa tšepe ho bolela a sa tšoaneng - ho tloha diresepe ratoa ho theknoloji e tsoetseng pele.
Hloekisa ka sesepa le metsi a tlosa ntle feela tala oxides koporo. Sebediswa e le oli ea mohloaare e, acid e acetic, pasta "Goya". Re lokela ho hopola hore lisebelisoa tsena ke ke feela tlosa pakellanang, empa hape ba itšoara le ho bona ka bobona motsoako, baka tšenyo ho chelete ea tšepe ea. Ka ho fetisisa sebetsang hantle le ho ba bonolo le ka potlako ho hloekisa ea lichelete tsa tšepe ke koporo-nikele motsoako ke electrolysis.