Ke eng ka lebaka la ho bopa dikgaolo 'meleng-libaka. bopa dikgaolo libaka: morero oa hae, mekhoa le melao-motheo

Holim 'a lefatše la rōna ke heterogeneous haholo. Masimong a fapana ho e mong le e tse ling tse ka liphallelo, sebopeho Geological, botho ba limela tse le sekoahelo sa eona mobu. Ho ka tsela e itseng fanwang tlhaho "pherekano", bo-rasaense ba fihla le ho bopa dikgaolo. Jeokrafi tšepe conventionally arola lefatše holim'a metsi ka lebanta ho, sehlopha sa 'mino, sebaka le naha.

ke motheong oa regionalization 'meleng-libaka eng? Ke lipakane life tsa lona ka sehloohong ke efe? Ka lebaka la melao-motheo efe le ke seo mekhoa e atlehe? Likarabo tsa lipotso tsena li ka fumanoa sehloohong rona.

Ho bopa dikgaolo tsa 'meleng-libaka: tlhaloso le hantle

bopa dikgaolo libaka (khutsufalitsoe - GRF) - e hlalosoa karohano oona tsamaisong fatše. E lumella hore o totobatsa likarolo tsa sekoahelo libaka, e leng fapana ka pathomorphology itseng. Tlas'a tshwano ena e haholo-holo ho ne ho bolela ho tloaelehile hore batho Geological sebōpeho sa tšimo, sebopeho, boemo ba leholimo, mobu, limela le liphoofolo.

Ho feta moo, jwalo bopa dikgaolo lumella u ho atamela meeli e hlakileng pakeng tsa likarolo tsena tsa enfelopo libaka.

Physiographic bopa dikgaolo kopanela-rasaense ba bangata, jeokrafi le bafuputsi. Har'a bona: A. Radishchev, HA Chebotarev, AI Voeikov, LS Berg, VP Semenov-Tyan-Shan, fn hp Mielke, NA Letsatsi le le leng. Ka ho ba sethaleng hona joale ea ntshetsopele ya maano a fapaneng bopa dikgaolo sebelisang ditsebi tsa Moscow State University. Lomonosov.

A histori e khutšoanyane ea ntshetsopele ya regionalization meleng le libaka

Boiteko ba pele ba ho libakeng bopa dikgaolo intša khutlela lekholong la XVIII. Leha ho le joalo, ba ne ba ntle le motheo ea saense le etsoang ke tšobotsi efe kapa efe e 'ngoe. Tsena ke matšoao a hangata ka ho fetisisa e ne e le ntho e totobetseng ka ho fetisisa: ho meeli ea lipolotiki, kapa mafatshekgapetla.

Ka halofo ea bobeli ea lekholo la lilemo la XIX ba qala ho hōla ka potlako ho khetheha saense libaka (limatologie, saense mobu, 'me ba bang.). Mabapi le sena e tota ntshetsopeleng ya lipotoloho loketseng ho tse khethehileng tsa tlhaho bopa dikgaolo. Nakoana ka mor'a sebakeng ikemetseng ho itšehla le regionalization moruo.

Ho lumeloa hore motheong mogopolofela tsa regionalization 'meleng-libaka tlholeho ka mesebetsi ea moholo Russia rasaense Vasily Dokuchaev qetellong ea lilemo tsa bo-XIX. Hamorao ka maikutlo a ile a nka ka ho ntshetsopeleng lona ea LS Berg le GI Tanfiliev. Qalong ea tse lekholo tse fetileng ka regionalization 'meleng-libaka qala ho bua ka ho teba' me tsa jeokrafi tsoang linaheng tse ling (mohlala, American, Brithani le Jeremane bo-rasaense ba).

Makasineng ena ea saense Union ba ile ba qala ho teba lefa a lebisa tlhokomelo morao ka 20s ea. Le se ka 1940 e ileng ba bōptjoa ho version ea pele ea ho bopa dikgaolo 'meleng-libaka tsa USSR.

Joalokaha re ka bona, ka taba ena mosebetsi likelello tsa ba bangata ba Russia le linaheng tse ling. ke motheong oa regionalization 'meleng-libaka eng? A re ke re leka ho araba potso ena.

ke motheong oa regionalization 'meleng-libaka eng?

GRF - hase feela mokhoa oa ho arola tšimo e (kapa metsi a) libakeng tse, empa hape thuto ea bona e qaqileng, e kenyeletsang ba lokisetsa ho ea litšobotsi tse qaqileng karolo ea nang le bohlale li bile li rarahane. Empa ke eng ka lebaka la regionalization 'meleng-libaka? The karabo ea potso ena e totobetse haholo le e bonolo.

Motheong meleng regionalization ke inhomogeneity ya dikarolo motho khetla hahlaula. Ho dikarolo tseo o lokela ho kenngoa:

• Geological sebopeho;
• tlisang liphallelo;
• makgetheng klimate;
• mobu sekoahelo sa eona;
• limela;
• le liphoofolo.

Re lokela ho hlokomela hore jeokrafi morao-rao ka ho fetisisa ho lemoha boteng ba sebele ba libakeng tse itseng tsa tlhaho. Leha ho le joalo, meeli pakeng tsa bona ke hore hase kamehla e hlakileng le e ferekanye. Pakeng haufi libakeng tse 'meleng le libaka atisa teng phetoho ka libaka tse itseng ka hare ho e leng litšobotsi lemohiloeng ba libaka bobeli haufi (mohlala, moru itseng phetoho libaka pakeng tsa moru le steppe classic).

Maikemisetso khōlō le melao-motheo ea GRF

mofuta ona wa bopa dikgaolo phehellang mefuta e fapaneng ya lipakane, joaloka ho etsa lipatlisiso e hloekileng 'me a sebelisa ho etsa lipatlisiso. Empa ka morero o ka sehloohong oa ho bopa dikgaolo 'meleng-libaka e nang le bokgoni le bopaki thehiloeng tlhaloganya sebaka khethollo ea ba enfelopo libaka ea Lefatše.

Ditholwana GRF mafolofolo sebelisoang ke liindasteri tse ngata le libakeng tse sa mosebetsi oa batho: temo, meru, thero ea metseng ea litoropo, lefapha la bongaka le jeokrafi, tšireletso ea tlhaho, 'me ba bang.

Tshebetso ya ho tekatekanyo libakeng libaka tšimong e fanoeng le hlaha ka lebaka la melao-motheo e itseng 'me ka lebaka la regularities itseng. Ke tse latelang (mantlha) Melao-motheo ea regionalization 'meleng-libaka:

• itlhahlobisisa;
• paballo ya naha;
• bopa dikgaolo le azonal;
• tshwano rarahaneng dikarolo;
• le comparability tsa liphello tsa ho bopa dikgaolo.

Mohlomong u ka bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa sa tsona ke molao-motheo oa ho itlhahlobisisa. Re bua ka sepheo boteng ba mehahong tsa tlhaho e le joalo. E lumellana le eena 'me ba lumela ho hoo e ka bang tsohle jeokrafi le landshaftovedy (ntle legal dl Armand). Ha ho e seng tsa bohlokoa ka ho bopa dikgaolo le molao-motheo oa paballo ya naha. Ho itšetlehile ka 'nete ea hore diyuniti tsa bopa dikgaolo ena e se ke ea kenyeletsa ka thoko' me sebopeho sa naha le arohaneng sebaka.

mefuta GRF

bopa dikgaolo libaka ka 'na ba e fapaneng. Ha e ikemiseditse ho totobatsa libakeng tse ka 'ngoe feela ea lipontšo (dikarolo landschap), e tla nkoa e le ya poraefete (kapa indasteri). Ka mohlala, e ka 'na eaba mobu kapa a klimate bopa dikgaolo ea tšimong e.

Haeba sepheo ke ho GRF sekaseka feletseng sebaka tsohle (tlelaemete, sebopeho, mobu, joalo-joalo) dikarolo, joale e tla bitsoa akaretsang (kapa landschap).

Ho phaella moo, ho bopa dikgaolo tsa tlhaho e ka ba o reng:

• zonal;
• azonal.

E Thehiloe ho tlhophiso ena, hlwaya taxonomic diyuniti fapaneng GRF.

Mekhoa ea ho regionalization 'meleng

Ka kakaretso, ho na le litsela tse peli tsa motheo ho GRF: ho regionalization tsa "holimo" bopa dikgaolo le "ho tloha mona ka tlase". Bobeli ba mekhoa tsena tse pharaletseng sebelisoa ka sebaka le tlatsana mong ho e mong ka tsela e phethahetseng.

"Ka tlaase mona" bopa dikgaolo tsa tlhaho le hlaha ka mokgwa o latelang. Ka ho ikopanya ya tse nyenyane mehahong tsa tlhaho ba abelwa kholoanyane le e rarahaneng ho feta ea sebaka mehahong. E sebelisa le khōlō limmapa landschap. Ha ho bopa dikgaolo "bo tsoang holimo" tsohle etsahala sekgoeng. Qalong abelwa libaka tse khōloanyane tsa tlhaho, 'me joale, ka ho hlahloba e plurality tsa limmapa taba ena, ba ile ba ba "robehile tsoha" ka mehahong nyenyane tsa tlhaho.

The regionalization meleng le libaka e sebelisoa le nomoro ea mekhoa classic saense le mekhoa. Har'a bona:

• limmapa;
• Aerospace;
• geochemistry;
• paleogeographical;
• lipalo;
• ya khomphuta ya hao ketsiso mekhoa.

Taxonomic diyuniti GRF

Zonal tsa tlhaho bopa dikgaolo khethollang latelang diyuniti taxonomic:

• libaka libaka;
• sebakeng seo;
• subzones.

Ka bopa dikgaolo azonal etsa qeto ea ho abelwang karolo ya:

• jeokrafi 'meleng tsa naha;
• sebakeng seo;
• profinseng;
• libakeng tse;
• lipampitšana;
• podurochischa;
• facies.

The diyuniti tsa boemo ba phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea paballo ya naha khethollo ea tsona ke tsena: libaka sekoahelo le lik'honthinenteng. Empa diyuniti ho fetisisa tsa motheo tsa GRF nkoa facies le pampitšana.

Facies ba ka thoko ho leqephe yuniti ya GRF

Limit (khr, mathomo le indivisible) unit trust ka sehlopha se busang ea litsamaiso hahlaula nkoa facies. ha e le eng?

Mong le e mong o lokela ho bone tšimong ea hae bophelo bo lengoa, kapa na zamba birch bohareng ba tlokomang makhulo tala. lintho tsena feela ke mehlala ka sehloohong oa facies.

Poleloana e reng "facies" e na metso Latin le tsoa facies lentsoe - "sefahleho", "setšoantšo", "sefahleho". E neng e sebelisoa ke botanists, geologists le biogeography. O atlehileng ka ho fetisisa tlhaloso ena poleloana e reng fanoeng Union rasaense D. Nalivkin. Ho ea ka eena, facies - sekhechana sa holim'a lefatše, e leng e tšoauoa ka e tšoanang tsa tlhaho maemo a, limela le liphoofolo. Ka mantsoe a mang, ho ke ke tsa motheo 'me junifomo ea tikoloho mehahong.

Facies kamehla teng ka hare ho biocenosis mong le e tšoauoa ka e le 'ngoe tse bonahalang motsoali, boemo ba leholimo e tšoanang, puso ea metsi' me a koahele mobu. Ho tloha maikutlo a geosystem sehlopha se busang, e le ka sehloohong mehaho karolo le stows podurochisch.

Ho na le mefuta e meraro e ka sehloohong ea facies:

1. Continental.
2. Marine.
3. E fetang (mabopong matangoana a, deltas, joalo-joalo).

bofello

Hona joale u tseba hore ka lebaka la ho bopa dikgaolo 'meleng-libaka ke heterogeneity ya dikarolo motho ya sekoahelo libaka: tlelaemete, sebopeho, limela, liphoofolo le mobu. Tshebetso ena e thehiloeng melao-motheong e mehlano ka sehloohong: itlhahlobisisa, pathomorphology, paballo ya naha, ho bopa dikgaolo (le azonal) le ho bopa dikgaolo comparability la sephetho.

GRF e ka ba e fapaneng: ba zonal le azonal, akaretsang le indasteri. bopa dikgaolo libaka arola holim'a lefatše ka mabanta, libaka le subzones, naheng ea tlhaho, sebaka, provense, le facies lipampitšana.