How to get alkane from alkane? Ke eng hape eo u ka e fumanang ho alkane?

Ho ithuta ka sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale, lihlahisoa tsa lik'hemik'hale tseo li bonts'ang ka tsona, li lumella hore ho hlahisoe mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea lisebelisoa le thepa e tsoang lihlahisoa tse tšoanang. Ho sebetsa ha li-hydrocarbon tse hlahisoang ho rarolla mathata a mangata. Ho potso: "Joang ho fumana alkane ho alkane?" Theknoloji ea saense le mokhoa oa ho qhoqha oli li fana ka likarabo tse tebileng. A re talimeng bothata ba kamano pakeng tsa lihlopha tse sa tšoaneng tsa hydrocarbon, hammoho le lihlahisoa tsa tsona. Tlhokomelo e kholo e tla lefshoa mekhoeng ea indasteri ea ho sebetsana le lihlahisoa tse tala tsa carbon.

Kamano ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa lintho tse phelang

Mehleng ea pele ea ho ithuta le ho fumana li-hydrocarbon le lihlahisoa tsa likhemik'hale, ho ne ho bonahala eka lihlopha tsena li arohane. Butle-butle boitsebiso bo hlahisang leseli la liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa lihlopha tse ka sehloohong tsa dintho. Boiteko bo ka sehloohong bo ne bo reretsoe ho fumana litsela tsa ho fetola mohaho, ho eketsa bongata ba puisano. Mathata a bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa a lipatlisiso le liteko:

• Ho fumana alkane ho alkane;
• Mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le mashala, oli e se nang mafura le khase ea tlhaho;
• Mokhoa oa ho phetha li-dehydrojene tsa li-hydrocarbon tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa;
• Ho tsoa ho alkane ho fumana alkyne (acetylene).

Bafuputsi le litsebi ba ne ba kholisehile hore ho na le liphetoho tse ngata tse tsoang mofuteng o mong oa hydrocarbon ho ea ho o mong.

Bohlokoa bo sebetsang ba liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa mefuta e meholo ea metsoako

Bonngoe ba lik'hemik'hale tsa hydrocarbon bo ile ba pakoa ha ho ntse ho etsoa setsi sa lik'hemik'hale sa saense e le saense le lekala la tlhahiso. Ho nts'etsopele ea bothata bona - ho fumana alkane ho alkane - Russia le Soviet organic chemist ba ile ba kenya letsoho haholo. Tse ngata tsa liketso-liphetoho tse sebelisetsoang morero ona li na le mekhoa e metle, e etsoang ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tse rarahaneng. Metsoalle e haufi-ufi le liphetoho tse kopanetsoeng tsa metsoako ea manyolo li sebelisetsoa ho rarolla mathata a sa tšoaneng a sebetsang, a reng:

• Ho fumana mofuta o mong oa thepa e tala ea mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea lintho;
• Ho hlahisa lihlahisoa tse rarahaneng tse nang le metsoako e bonolo le ka tsela e fapaneng;
• Ho lokolloa ha lihlahisoa tse fapa-fapaneng tseo ho hlokahalang haholo;
• Moruo oa mehloli ea tlhaho ea hydrocarbon ea tlhaho;
• Tšebeliso e nepahetseng ea oli le khase e nang le lisebelisoa, letamo la mashala, li-shales tse chesang, tse nang le peat.

Ho thehoa ha mehloli ea tlhaho ea carbon

Lik'hemik'hale tsa mefuta eohle li fumaneha ka tlhaho ka bongata bo boholo. Li sebeletsa e le lisebelisoa tsa pele tsa ho sebetsa le ho fumana lik'hemik'hale tsa lihlopha tse sa tšoaneng. Mehloli ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea alkanes le alkenes:

1. Khase ea tlhaho. Lintho tse ling tsa methane ea hydrocarbon e kholo ka ho fetisisa li fihlella ho 80-98%. Lik'hemik'hale tse ling: naetrojene, carbon dioxide, ethane, propane, butane.
2. Oli. Motsoako oa tlhaho oa li-hydrocarbon tsa isomeric tse tsoang mefuteng e sa tšoaneng e fapane ka botlalo. Mefuta e meng ea alkanese "ea khauta" e na le mefuta e mengata, tse ling li na le cycloparaffins le li-annas. Likhase tsa petroleum tse amanang le li-dome li na le li-parafini.
3. Coke. Ho hlahisa ha mashala a hlokahalang bakeng sa metallurgy ho tsamaisana le tlhahiso ea mashala a mashala a nang le lisebelisoa tse fetang 400, tse kholo e le li-annas.
4. Lihlahisoa tsa meroho le lijo ke sehlopha se seholo le se fapaneng, ho kenyeletsa lehong, peo le litholoana tsa lijalo tsa liindasteri, lihlahisoa tsa liphoofolo.

Liphetoho tse ka khonehang pakeng tsa lik'hemik'hale

Li-deposit tsa "khauta e ntšo," cycloalkane kapa naphthenes hangata li teng. Ho sebetsa ha lihlahisoa tse tala ho fana ka li-hydrocarbon tse nang le liathomo tse 5-7 tsa C, li na le bohlokoa bo boholo. Ho tloha alkane ho fumana cycloalkane, haeba mehloli ea naphthenes e felile? E le hore ho fumanehe mokhoa o fokolang oa mokhoa oa ho etsa li-hydrocarbon tse nang le lik'hemik'hale tse nang le li-acyclic tse ngata, ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa dehydrocyclization. Liketane tsa liathomo tse 4 kapa ho feta tsa C li koetsoe, ho potoloha ho tsitsitseng. Liphetoho tse ling tse tloaelehileng tsa lintho tse phelang li ka bontšoa ka merero e bonolo:

• Oli → li-hydrocarbon → li-alkan → li-acidic carboxylic acid.
• Khase ea tlhaho → li-hydrocarbon tse ka tlas'a lefatše → li-acids tsa carboxylic acid.
• Malapa a thata → li-hydrocarbon → li-alkan → li-hydrocarbon tse sa tsitsitseng → li-polymeri.
• Oli → li-hydrocarbon → li-arena → benzene → isopropyl-benzene → acetone, phenol.
• Khase ea tlhaho → li-hydrocarbon tse sa senyang → ethanol.
• Makhase → methanol.
• Oli → li-hydrocarbon → li-alkenes → butadiene le isoprene.

A re hlahlobeng ka ho qaqileng hore na lik'hemik'hale tsa lik'hemik'hale li ka fumanoa ka lebaka la kamano ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa lintho tse phelang.

How to get alkane from alkane

Lefapheng la indasteri, hoo e batlang e le mefuta eohle ea lik'halcarcarone tse ka tlas'a lefatše e tsoa oli le khase. Ho hloekisoa ha oli ke mokhoa oa morao-rao oa ho fumana alkanes ho li-alkan:

A) Likhahla tsa metsi tse fokolang lihlahisoa tsa hydrocarbon li fana ka lihlahisoa tse hlakileng tsa oli (lihlahisoa tse fokolang tsa lihlahisoa tse hlalositsoeng).

B) Ts'ebetso ea oli e chesang le e chesang e sebelisoa ho eketsa karolo ea likaroloana tse khanyang, ho ntlafatsa boleng ba li-hydrocarbon tse hlahisitsoeng (peterole, parafene). Ka karolo ea letsatsi ea oli, hexadecane e teng, eo nakong ea ho bola e fanang ka dodecane le butylene. Dodecane e seng e ntse e le tlas'a karoloana ea parafene e tsoela pele ho senyeha ho eketsehileng, ho eona ho fokolloa li-hydrocarbon nonane le propene (alkene) tse fokolang. Tsoelo-pele ea ho phunyeha ho ka lebisa tlhophisong ea heptane le ethylene.

Isomerization le alkylation

Liphetoho tsa tlhahiso ea lik'hemik'hale li lumella li-alkanane tsa mohaho o tloaelehileng ho fumana branched: H3C- (CH2) 3-CH3 → CH (CH3) 2-CH2-CH3. Sehlahisoa sa mokhoa ona ke isopentane. Butane e tloaelehileng, e nang le likhase tsa ho qhaqhoa, e fetoloa ho isobutane ka mokhoa o susumetsang oa isomerization. Sehlahisoa se hlahisoang se ka hlahisa alkylated ka isobutylene ka pel'a khanya le isooctane-e leng mafura a boleng bo phahameng. Haeba ethylene e sebelisoa e le moemeli oa alkylating, peterole e entsoeng ka neohexane e fumanoa karabong ea isobutane.

Ho fumana alkene le alkadiene ho tswa ho alkane

Lefapheng lena, li-hydrocarbon tse sa senyang li-acyclic tse nang le tiiso e le 'ngoe tse peli li fumanoa ka ho qhibiliha ha oli. Ha mocheso o phahameng, li-alkanese lia senya (pyrolysis). Li-Alkenes li arohane le boima ba palo ea lipakeng tsa bobeli le tse qetellang. Ethylene e hlahisoa ke dehydrogenation ea ethane ho motsoako oa nickel: C2H6 → C2H4 + H2 ↑. Butane tlasa maemo a tšoanang a fana ka 2-butene, ka nako e ts'oanang sebopeho sa ethane le ethylene. Dehydrogenation e re thusa ho fumana tharollo bothateng ba ho fumana alkadiene ho tswa ho alkane. Ka ho tlosoa ha bobeli ba limolek'hule tse peli tsa haedrojene ho tloha ho hydrocarbon ea 4 liathomo tsa carbon, liphetoho tse latelang li etsahala: butane → butene → butadiene. Sehlahisoa sa ho qetela ke sa bohlokoa bakeng sa tlhahiso ea rabara ea maiketsetso. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le toadiene, ho fumanoa mofuta o mong oa polase o etsisang litšobotsi tsa bohlokoa tsa sebōpeho sa tlhaho: isopentane → isoprene → isoprene rabara.

Ho fumana acetylene ho tloha alkane

Hydrocarbon e nang le tlamahano e le 'ngoe e mararo - acetylene - ke ea bohlokoa haholo likarolong tsa indasteri, kahong le libakeng tse ling tsa mesebetsi ea moruo. Mokhoa oa khale ka ho fetisisa oa ho fumana alkyne ena e bonolo ka lebaka la ketso ea metsi ka likarolo tse ling tsa calcium carbide. Mokhoa ona o ile oa nkeloa sebaka ke ho senyeha ha khase ea tlhaho. Hona joale lefapheng la lik'hemik'hale, ba tseba ho fumana alkyne ho tloha alkane ka litšenyehelo tse fokolang. Lisebelisoa tse khethehileng tsa theknoloji ka mocheso o phahameng kapa tlas'a tšusumetso ea motlakase oa phekolo ea motlakase ea methane - thepa e tloaelehileng ea khase ea tlhaho: 2CH4 → HC≡CH + 3H2 e etsahala. Acetylene e sebelisoa haholo, e fumanoa ke acetaldehyde ho eona, e sebelisoang hape ho hlahisoeng ha acidic acid, li-resin tse entsoeng ka maiketsetso, liphasetiki, lihlahisoa tsa maiketsetso, rubbers le rubbers.

Mokhoa oa ho fumana li-annes ho tloha ho li-hydrocarbon tse holimo

Ho tloha parafini, liketane tsa phetoho li lebisa ho benzene le tse tsoang ho eona. Mokhoa oa ho nkhang hamonate o ne o ithutoa ke lik'hemik'hale tsa Russia le tsa Soviet lekholong la bo20 la lilemo. Se boleloang ke mosebetsi oa bona ka sehlooho se reng "Ho sebelisa benzene ho tsoa benzene le li-homologists" ho fokotsoe ho dehydrocyclization ea hexane, heptane le tse ling tse nang le hydrocarbon tse ngata: C6H14 → C6H6 + 4H2; C7H16 → C6H5-CH3 + 4H2. Tsela e 'ngoe ke ho qala li-cycloparaffins ho tloha ho acyclic hydrocarbon tse lateloang ke dehydrogenation: hexane → cyclohexane → benzene.

Mokhoa oa ho fumana li-ethyl le lino tse ling tse tsoang alkanes

Mehleng ea boholo-holo ka potso ena: "Joang ho noa joala ho alkane?" Ha hoa ka ha bonahala, baholo-holo ba rona ba ne ba sebelisa mokhoa feela oa tahi e tahang ea lihlahisoa tse tsoekere ka tlas'a mefuta ea li-enzyme. Ho eketseha ha tekanyetso ea tekanyetso ea joala ea ethyl ho entse hore ho batloe mefuta e mecha ea lihlahisoa tse seng tsa lijo bakeng sa tlhahiso ea ethanol. Karolong ea pele ea lekholo la ho qetela la lilemo, motsoako ona o ile oa fetoha boitsebiso bo hlokahalang bakeng sa tlhahiso ea rabara ka mokhoa oa Lebedev. E 'ngoe ea mekhoa e ne e boletsoe ke A. Butlerov, ea neng a lora hore mokhoa o tlaase oa ho fumana ethylene o tla bula tsela ea "ho noa joala." Mohloli oa li-hydrocarbon tse saatureng ke lihlahisoa tsa oli ea ho qhaqhoa le ho hlahisa li-alkanese tsa li-catalytic. Ethane e fumanoa ho ethane, e nang le oxidized ka ho ba teng ha sulfuric acid: C2H6 → C2H4 → C2H5OH. Hydration ea alkenes e meng, e fumanoang ha ho ntse ho sebelisoa oli, e fana ka li-homologate tsa joala ethyl joala. Mathata a mokhoa ona a hlahisoa ka litšenyehelo tsa ho fetola lero la acid le ho sireletsa lisebelisoa ho tloha liphellong tsa eona tse senyang. Lefapha lena le ile la fetoha mokhoa oa ho tsamaisa li-alkenes ka ho toba, moo ho sebelisoang li-catalyst tse matla. Methanol e hlahisoa ke oxidation ea methane. Ethylene le li-homologues tsa eona li sebetsa e le lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso ea joala.

Ho tsoa lialeng ho fumana li-aldehydes le li-acids carboxylic

Ka mor'a ho rarolla mathata a theko e tlaase bakeng sa indasteri ea joala, litsebi tsa metsoako li tseba ho fumana aldehyde ho tloha alkane ka litšenyehelo tse nyenyane. E 'ngoe ea litsela tsa ho fumana acetaldehyde ke hydration ea acetylene. Tshebetso eohle e latela leano: khase ea tlhaho → CH4 → C2H2 → CH3-SONA. Tšebeliso ea li-hydrocarbon tsa tlhaho bakeng sa tlhahiso ea joala ea ethyl e eketsehile. Sesebelisoa ke lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso ea lik'hemik'hale tsa carbonyl le carboxyl. Acetaldehyde e ka fumanoa ka dehydrogenation ea ethane, e lateloa ke sebopeho sa joala ethyl ha se arabela, sehlahisoa sa sona kapa dehydrogenation. E 'ngoe ea likhetho ke khase ea ethylene: C2H6 → C2H4 → C2H4O. Joang ho fumana oli ea carboxylic ho tloha alkane? Potso eo ka nako e telele e neng e le sehlopheng sa bothata. Aciti ea acetic e thehoa ka ho belisa lijo tsa lihlahisoa tse tala, tse nang le distillation e omileng ea lehong. Ho fumaneha ha mehloli e fumanehang ea alkanese ho lumella oxidation ea butane le ho fumana acetic e theko e tlaase: C4H10 + 2 ½ O2 → 2CH3COOH + H2O. Ho lokolloa ha li-acids tse ling tsa carboxylic li-hydrocarbon tse fokolang le tse sa senyehang.

Ho thata ho nahana ka moruo oa lefatše kajeno ntle le khase ea tlhaho, oli le mashala a thepa. Har'a metsoako ena ea tlhaho, li-alkanese tse fapaneng li arohane tse sebelisoang ho hlahisa lihlahisoa tse ngata tsa lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho.