Histori ea Russia ea lekholo la bo14 la lilemo

lekholong la lilemo la bo14 - nakong ea liphetoho tse khōlō bophelong ba magosana Serussia. Nakong ena ea histori se ile sa qetella beha matleng a ea Golden Horde ka masimong leboea-bochabela ea linaha Serussia. Butle-butle har'a fiefdoms nyane tahang ho loanela ho bophahamo ba le ho bōpa ho pota fiefdom la hae le lecha boemo gare wa. Feela boiteko kopanetsoeng naha Russia ka lahlela theoha joko ea nomads le nka le sebaka sa eona har'a mebuso ea Europe. Har'a metse e moholo, timetsoe ka ho feletseng ke Tatar liphutuho, ho ne ho se na matla, ha ho a phahameng sechabeng lipolotiki, kapa tšusumetso, e le hore leha e le Kiev kapa Vladimir le Suzdal ne a ke ke ba ipolelang hore ke ea puso bokamoso ba bohareng. RUS lekholong la bo14 la lilemo a kenyelletsa le dithatohatsi e ncha peisong. Ho Novgorod Republic, e Moholo Duchy tsa Lithuania le Muscovy.

Novgorod naha. tlhaloso e khutšoanyane ea

Matsatsing a boholo-holo, ho Mongolian bapalami ba lipere e ne e sa fihla Novgorod. Motse oo o atleha le tshwerweng tšusumetso ea oona ka lebaka la ho sebakeng se lona bohareng pakeng tsa re Baltic, e ka bochabela Serussia linaheng le Grand Duchy oa Lithuania. Batang hook lilemo 13-14 (Little Ice Age) haholo fokotswa chai ka linaheng tsa Novgorod, Novgorod empa ba pholoha 'me ba fetoha esita le ruileng ke eketsa ho se ho hlokahala rye le koro limmarakeng Baltic.

sesebediswa theha mokhatlo oa lipolotiki Novgorod

Sebopeho lipolotiki tsa motse le haufi le ea ka lineano Maslav Moifo. mofuta ona oa taolo ya ditaba tsa ka hare le teng linaheng tse ling tsa Russia, empa ka mor'a ho bokhobeng ba Russia ka potlako o ile a naught. Ka molao, ba boholong ka Principality Vershilo Moifo - tekanyetso mofuta o mong oa ba boholong ea boholo-holo. Empa ha e le hantle pale ea Russia ea lekholo la bo14 la lilemo ka Novgorod laola matsoho tsa baahi ba ruileng. lijo-thollo Resale le kgwebo ya le mafolofolo litaelo tsohle tsa bōptjoa Novgorod sephara stratum tsa batho ba ruileng - ya "khauta lebanta", tse ha e le hantle o ile a sebelisa ho etsa lipolotiking ka principality ena.

Ho fihlela kamohelo ea ho qetela ho Moscow principality tsa Novgorod naha e ne e le a pharaletseng a ho fetisisa ho tsohle tse kopanyang Russia lekholong la bo14 la lilemo.

Hobaneng Novgorod ea e-ba setsi sa

sebakeng Novgorod ba ne ba sa nang le baahi, esita le ka heyday tsa principality ea baahi Novgorod ba ne ba sa fete batho ba 30 likete -. chelete That ka ha hlōla linaheng tsa boahelani, kapa ka sebetsa le tsona ka matla a bona. Le hoja histori ea bo14 la lilemo Novgorod o bitsa e mong oa litsi kholo ka ho fetisisa ea Bokreste, kereke e Principality ea matla a maholo le sona. bothata bo bong bo tebileng boo e ne e le tsoalo e tlase ya Novgorod le ho itšetleha ka matla ka libakeng tse ho feta ka boroa. Novgorod butle-butle ho feta 'me ho feta itšetlehile ka Moscow,' me qetellong ea e-ba o mong oa metse ea Moscow principality.

Mokopi bobeli. Grand Duchy tsa Lithuania

Histori ea Russia ea lekholo la bo14 la lilemo e ne e tla se ke ua e feletseng ntle le tlhaloso ya tshusumetso hore e ne ka linaheng tse ka bophirimela Duchy tsa Lithuania (ON). Thehoa ka lithako tsa estates le leholo la Kiev, bo bokeletse tlas'a lifolakha tsa lona tsa Lithuanians, ho Balts le Slavs. Khahlanong le okametsoeng ka litlhaselo tsa kamehla Horde rusichi Bophirimela bonoa Lithuania mosireletsi ba bona ba tlhaho khahlanong le bahlabani ea Golden Horde.

Matla le bolumeli ba ka ON

Le matla a phahameng ka ho fetisisa ka boemo ba litho khosana e - e boetse e ne e bitsoa Gospodar. O ile a mamela le vassals nyenyane - pany. Hang ON hlaha ikemetseng ha molao o - paramente, e leng lekhotla la ea likhosi le tšusumetso e matla le ho matlafatsa boemo ba bona likarolong tse ngata tsa leano tse ruuoang. Bothata e khōlō e ne e le lebaka la ho hloka lere e hlakileng ea ho latellana - lefu la Prince fetileng halefile infighting pakeng bahlahlami bokgoni ba, 'me hangata bokellana ho teroneng ha molao ka boeona e,' me ka ho fetisisa unscrupulous oa bona.

Bolumeli Lithuania

Ha e le bolumeli, lekholong la bo14 la lilemo ha e kgethuweng ho itseng vector Duchy tsa Lithuania maikutlo a bolumeli le sympathies. Lithuanians Ke khale ka katleho a laoloa pakeng tsa Bok'hatholike le Orthodox, ka pelong ea hae o ile a lula e le bahetene. Prince ka ho kolobetsoa ka tumelo ea K'hatholike, 'me mobishopo ka nako e tšoanang ba bolela Orthodox. Matšoele sephara ea peasantry le batho ba motse bao boholo ba tšoarelletse Orthodox qala, lekholong la lilemo la bo14 la lilemo bitsetsa le ho khetha tumelo e le lethathamo la entseng selekane khoneha le bahanyetsi. Bakeng sa Bok'hatholike e ne e le Europe e matla, Orthodox lula linaheng tse ka bochabela, e leng ho ba kamehla lefuoang ho malumeli a mang.

Ke hobane'ng ha u Lithuania

West Russia ka lilemo tse makholo 14-15, ka bohlale a etsa litokisetso pakeng tsa Golden Horde le bafutuhi European. Boemo bona bo loketseng bakeng sa mekga e kholo maano kaofela lilemong tseo. Empa ka mor'a lefu la Algirdas matla ka principality li ntse li feta ka eena matsohong a Jagiello. Tlasa dipehelo tsa Krevsk Union, o ile a nyala e heiress tsa Selekane le ile ea e-de Khao facto musi oa bobeli le naha e khōlō. Bok'hatholike butle-butle phunyelletsa ka Makala ohle a bophelo ba sechaba. Tšusumetso e matla ea bolumeli e tletseng bora entse ho le thata bakeng sa bonngoeng linaheng leboea-ka bochabela ho pota Lithuania, Vilnius Ka hona ba ne ba sa ba Moscow.

Muscovy

E mong oa liqhobosheane tse ngata tse nyenyane ho pota letsoalloa bona a phuthilweng Dolgoruky Vladimir principality, ba maemong a fuoa tokelo ea ho ba le mateano a litsela tsa litsela tsa khoebo. Little Moscow tšoaroa bahoebi ho tloha ka bochabela le e ka bophirimela, o ile a ho fihlella ho Volga le mabōpo a ka leboea. lekholong la lilemo la bo14 la lilemo o ile Moscow e ngata lintoa le ho timetsoa, empa mora e mong le e hlasela motse la tsosolosoa. Moscow butle-butle fumana 'musi oa lona ipatlele - khosana - le ka katleho phehella ka leano la ho kgothaletsa batho bao bakeng sa phetoho ka tse fapa-fapaneng ka tieo lula fapaneng e ncha. Kamehla katoloso ea sebaka seo o ile a thusa ho matlafatsa le matla le boemo ba principality ena. Ka puso ea tokelo ea marena a feletseng, 'me ho dumellana le taelo ea ho latellana. Matleng a mora e moholo e sa hanyetsa, 'me ho ne ho linaheng tse khōlō le tse molemo ka ho fetisisa ya principality taolong ea hae. boikanyego Moscow o haholo eketsehileng ka mor'a hore Principality hlōle Mamai ka 1380 - e mong oa tlhōlo bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tse fumanoeng ka Russia lekholong la bo14 la lilemo. History e thusitse Moscow hore a tsohe 'me ba fetang tse hlōlisanang tsa lona ka ho sa feleng - Tiberias. Ka mor'a tlhaselo e 'ngoe Mongol ea motse e ne e sa khone ho hlaphoheloa licheleteng me ea e-tlas'a taolo ea Moscow.

matlafatsang tsa statehood

Histori ea Russia ea lekholo la bo14 la lilemo butle-butle e bolela Moscow mateanong a puso e le 'ngoe. Leha ho le joalo khatello e matla ea ho Horde, leha ho le joalo ditlaleo matla ka linaheng tse ka leboea-bochabela ea baahelani ba ka leboea le ka bophirimela. Empa thunngoa ho fihlela lejoe le pele Orthodox le likereke tsa Moscow, e ile ea eketseha ka karolo ea kereke, e leng e ne e le ka matla le thahasello ka ho bōptjoa ha boemo e le 'ngoe. Ho phaella moo, lilemong tsa bo-14 e ne e le bohato ba bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hlōla lintoa tse peli tse khōlō. Ntoa ea Kulikov tšimo o ile a bontša hore oa Khauta Horde, u ka leleka tsa naha Serussia. Ntoa e telele le e Moholo Duchy tsa Lithuania qetella ka ho hlōloa ha Lithuanians, le Vilnius ka ho sa feleng ba tlohela boiteko ba ho kolone ea ka leboea-ka bophirimela. Kahoo Moscow o entse mehato pele ikutloeleng ho thehoa ha statehood lona.