Halogens: thepa mmeleng, thepa lik'hemik'hale. Tshebediso ya metsoako ea halogens le bona

The halogens ka tafole nako le nako ka ho le letsehali ea likhase ea babatseha. Tsena tse hlano tse chefo metallic likarolo kenyelelitsoe sehlopha 7 ea Table nako le nako. Tsena li akarelletsa fluorine, chloride, bromine, a iodine litareng e le astatine. Le hoja a le isotopes astatine ntšang mahlaseli a kotsi 'me e feela ba nakoana, ho itshwara ka a iodine litareng e le e atisa ho nkoa e le halogens. E le likarolo halogen ke le lilemo li supileng valence dieleketerone, ho hloka le 'ngoe feela e eketsehileng elektrone ho theha e octet feletseng. bath Sena se etsa hore ba le mafolo-folo ho feta lihlopha tse ling tse bao e seng tšepe.

litšobotsi tse akaretsang

Halogens theha molek'hule diatomic (X ₂ mofuta moo X ke halogen) - foromo-tsitsitseng teng halogens ka mahala liseleng. Contact ea limolek'hule diatomic ke nonpolar, le covalent le 'ngoe. The thepa lik'hemik'hale tsa halogens ba lumella hore ba habonolo theha metsoako le litšobotsi tse ka sehloohong, kahoo ba ile ba ba ha ho mohla a fumanoa ka mokgwa mollwane ka tlhaho. Fluoro - ho fetisisa a sebetsang a halogen le astatine - tlase.

All halogens sehlopha ke theha letsoai le thepa e tšoanang. Ka metsoako tsena, halides ba teng le ka sulphonate anion le qoso ya -1 (mohlala, CL ^-, BR ^-). Ipolaea -id bontša ho ba teng ha anions sulphonate; mohlala CL ^- bitsoa "chloride".

Ho feta moo, thepa lik'hemik'hale tsa halogens ba lumella hore ba ho sebetsa e le oxidizing mahlahana - oxidized tšepe. liphetoho tse ngata tsa lik'hemik'hale tse amang halogens - redox ka tharollo ea metsi. Halogens theha litlamo le le leng le k'habone kapa naetrojene ka metsoako manyolo, moo tekanyo ea ho kena moea (CO) ke lekana le -1. Ha ka go engwa legatong ke halogen athomo covalently tlangwa athomo hydrogen ka komponeng e manyolo, selika-likoe le ketapele e ka sebelisoa ka kutloisiso e akaretsang, kapa prefixes fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo- - halogens itseng. likarolo Halogen ka 'na ba le crisscross tlamo e ya ho theha limolek'hule diatomic le Polar litlamo covalent le' ngoe.

Chloride (CL ₂₎ e ne e le halogen pele buloa 1774, ka nako eo o ile a bula a iodine litareng e (Ke _2), bromine (BR _2), fluorine (F ₂₎ le astatine (Ha, fumana ho qetela ka 1940 ketemu). Lebitso "halogen" le tsoa ho la Segerike le motso hal- ( «letsoai») le -Gen ( «mofuta o"). Hammoho, mantsoe ana a bolela "letsoai-eaba ba etsa" e leng se hatisang 'nete ea hore halogen a leka ho le tšepe ho theha letsoai. Halite - lebitso la lefika letsoai, matsoai tsa tlhaho entsoe ka sodium chloride (NaCl). Qetellong, halogen sebelisitsoe ka lapeng - e na le fluoride ka sesepa sa meno, chloro disinfect noa metsi, a iodine litareng e le khothalletsa batho ntshetsopele ya li-hormone thyroid.

likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale

Fluoro - elements le nomoro ea athomo 9, e denoted ke F. The elemental fluorine ile pele sibolloa 1886 g, ka ho itšehla e tsoa ho e acid e ea hydrofluoric.. Profinseng mahala e teng ka sebōpeho sa limolek'hule fluoro diatomic (F ₂₎ le ke halogen atileng ka ho fetisisa, ka karolo e ka holimo ho. Fluoro - fetisisa electronegative elements tsa tafole nako le nako. Ho wa kamore, ka palo mosehla khase. Fluorine boetse o na le e fokolang matla a athomo radius. CO lona - -1 ntle elemental boemo diatomic oo boemo lona ho kena moea o lefela. Fluoro fetisisa lik'hemik'hale mafolofolo le le sebedisana ka ho toba le likarolo tsohle ntle tse kang helium (O), Neon (Ne) le argon (Ar). The H ₂ O tharollo, acid e hydrofluoric (HF) e acid e ka fokola. Leha fluoro haholo electronegative, electronegativity lona se beha acidity; HF e acid e fokola ka lebaka la 'nete ea hore ho Ion fluoride e mantlha (ph> 7). Ho feta moo, fluoro hlahisa oxidants matla haholo. Mohlala, fluorine ka itšoara le inert khase xenon le e bopa e matla oxidant xenon difluoride (XeF _2). Ka dikopo tse ngata tsa fluoride.

Chloride - elements le nomoro ea athomo 17 le lik'hemik'hale letshwao CL. Sibolloa 1774 ke g. Khetholla ho tloha acid e hydrochloric. Boemong ba sona elemental e bopa e diatomic molek'hule CL _2. Chloride na 'maloa of sb -1, 1, 3, 5' me 7. Ha wa kamore ke khanya tala khase. Ho tloha ka tlamo e thehoa pakeng tsa tse peli tse liathomo chloride, ea fokolang, CL ₂ molek'hule e na le bokhoni bo phahameng haholo ho kena mabapi le. Chloride a leka ho le tšepe ho theha letsoai, e leng ba bitsoa chloride. Chloride ions ke ions fetisisa le ngata tse metsing a leoatle. Chloride boetse o na isotopes tse peli: ³⁵ CL le ³⁷ CL. Sodium chloride ke mabapi o tloaelehileng haholo oa chloride tsohle.

Bromine - e elements lik'hemik'hale le athomo nomoro 35 'me e le letsoao BR. E ile ea pele sibolloa 1826 ka mokgwa wa bromine mathomo e diatomic molek'hule, BR _2. Ho wa kamore, ho ke bo bofubelu-sootho metsi. CO lona - -1, + 1, 3, 4 le 5. ke bromo a sebetsang a fetang a iodine litareng e, empa ha ho motho ea mafolofolo ho feta chloride. Ho feta moo, ke bromo isotope na tse peli tse ⁷⁹ BR le ⁸¹ BR. Bromine le hlaha ka mokgwa wa letsoai lethal gene, qhalwa ho ya ka metsi a leoatle a. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, ho hlahisa lethal gene ka lefatše e eketsehile haholo ka lebaka la ho fumaneha lona, 'me bophelo e telele. Joalokaha eka ke ka halogens tse ling bromine le oxidant ke nang le chefo e haholo.

Iodine litareng - lik'hemik'hale elements le nomoro ea athomo 53 le letshwao la I. The a iodine ho kena moea o: -1, +1, tsa +5 le +7. Ho na le ka mokgwa wa le molek'hule diatomic, ke _2. Ha mocheso kamoreng ntho tiileng e pherese. Iodine litareng e na le e 'ngoe e tsitsitseng isotope - ¹²⁷ I. Pele sibolloa 1811, ka thuso ea dimelametsing le asiti sulfuric. Jwale, ions iodine litareng e ka thōko ho metsi leoatleng. Ho sa tsotellehe 'nete ea hore a iodine litareng e ha se qhibilihang ka har'a haholo ka metsi, solubility lona e ka eketseha ha u sebelisa iodides arohaneng. Iodine litareng e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka 'mele, ho kopanela ho hlahisa li-hormone thyroid.

Astatine - e elements ntšang mahlaseli a kotsi le nomoro ea athomo ea 85 le letshwao Ha. ho kena moea lona khoneha re -1, 1, 3, 5 'me 7. halogen feela hore hase diatomic molek'hule. Tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng, e metallic thata lintho tse bonahalang ba batšo. Astatine ke elements seoelo haholo, kahoo ha ho tsejoe hakaalo ka eena. Ho phaella moo, astatine na le khutšoanyane haholo halofo bophelo, ha ho e telele ho feta lihora tse 'maloa. O ile a fumana ka 1940 ka lebaka la go tlhama. Ho lumeloa hore astatine tšoanang le a iodine litareng e. Khetholleha metallic thepa.

Tafole ka tlase e bontša sebōpeho sa liathomo halogen, sebōpeho sa lera le ka ntle la dieleketerone.

sebopeho joalo e etsa hore lera le ka ntle la dieleketerone hore 'meleng le lik'hemik'hale thepa tšoanang le halogens ena. Leha ho le joalo, ha ke bapisa likarolo tsena le ho se tšoane ho hlokomela.

Nako le nako thepa halogen sehlopha

thepa ya moaho wa dintho e bonolo ea halogen fetohile le eketsa palo e akaretsang ea elements ea. Bakeng sa absorption molemo le ho hlaka e khōloanyane, re u fa e litafole tse seng kae.

Qhibiliha le belisoe lintlha ka eketseha sehlopha le ho eketseha le boholo ba le molek'hule (F

Tafole 1. The halogens. thepa ya moaho: qhibiliha le ntlha e belang

• The athomo radius ea eketseha.

khenele boholo eketseha (F

Tafole 2: Halogen. thepa ya moaho: athomo radii

• ionization eneji, le decreases.

Ha Link valence dieleketerone ha ba teng e haufi le khubung, kaha ho tloswa bona ha a hloke e ngata ea matla ho lona. Kahoo, matla a hlokahalang bakeng sa ejection tsa elektrone le ka ntle ha e le phahameng karolong e ka tlaase ea sehlopha sa metsoako, kaha ho na le maemo le matla a eketsehileng. Ho phaella moo, le matla a phahameng ionization etsa hore karolo ea ho bontša batho bao e seng metallic boleng. thepa metallic hobane matla ionization e fokotsehile (Ha

Tafole 3. halogens. thepa ya moaho: ionisation eneji, le

• Electronegativity decreases.

Palo ea dieleketerone valence ka eketseha e athomo le eketseha maemo eneji, le maemong butle-butle o tlaase. Dieleketerone ke butle-butle pejana ho tloha ea mantlha e; Kahoo, khubu le dieleketerone ha ba ka khahloa ke e mong le e tse ling. Keketseho ea screening moo. Ka hona Electronegativity decreases le eketseha nako (Ha

Tafole 4. halogens. thepa ya moaho: electronegativity

• Elektrone amana decreases.

Ho tloha ka le boholo ba le keketseho e athomo ka nako, elektrone amana ka kakaretso fokotswa (B

Tafole 5. amana halogen elektrone

• likarolo Reactivity decreases.

Reactivity tsa halogen decreases le eketseha nako (Ha

Inorganic k'hemistri. Haedrojene + halogens

Sulphonate thehoa ha halogen e ileng a itšoara ka tse ling, karolo ea tlase electronegative ho theha e komponeng binary. Haedrojene a leka ho le halogens ho theha halides HX mofuta:

• fluoride hydrogen HF;
• chloride HCl;
• lethal gene hydrogen HBr;
• hydrogen iodide HI.

halides hydrogen li habonolo qhalwa ho ya ka metsi a ya ho theha e hydrohalic (hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic acid). The thepa ea acid tsena tse fanoeng mona ka tlase.

acid e thehoa ke ba itšoara joang e latelang: HX (Aq) + H ₂ O (l) → X ^- (Aq) + H ₃ O ⁺ (Aq).

sulphonate hydrogen tsohle ya ho theha acid e matla, ka ntle HF.

Acidity eketseha hydrohalic acid: HF

asiti Hydrofluoric ka etch sa khalase le itseng fluorides inorganic nako e telele.

Ho ka bonahala sa utloahaleng hore HF ke acid e fokolang baa hydrohalic, kaha fluorine ka boeona e na le e phahameng electronegativity. Leha ho le joalo H-F tlamo e matla haholo, ho fellang ka acid e sa fokola haholo. Kamano e matla le hlalosoa ke e khutsoanyane tlamo e bolelele le kgolo dissociation matla. Ea halides tsohle hydrogen HF na le lekgutshwane mabapi bolelele le kholo ka ho fetisisa le tlamahano dissociation matla.

oxoacids halogen

Halogen oxo acid tse acid le liathomo hydrogen, oksijene le halogen. acidity bona ka ho ikemisetsa ka ho hlahloba sebopeho sa. Halogen oxoacids di hlahiswa mona ka tlase:

• Hypochlorous acid e, HOCl.
• Chlorous acid e HClO _2.
• Chloric acid e HClO _3.
• Perchloric acid e HClO _4.
• Hypobromous acid e, HOBr.
• asiti Bromic, HBrO _3.
• Perbromic acid e HBrO _4.
• Hypoiodous acid e Hoi.
• Iodic acid e HIO _3.
• Metayodnaya acid e HIO4, H5IO6.

Ka mong le e mong acid tsena proton e tlangwa ho athomo oksijene, ho joalo le ka papiso ea tlamo e bolelele protons tse se nang thuso. Karolo e ka sehloohong e bapala mona ke electronegativity. eketseha Acidity le palo ea liathomo oksijene bonded ho athomo e bohareng.

Ponahalo le naha ea taba

Motheo thepa meleng halogens le ka bokhutšoanyane bontšitsoeng ka tafole latelang.

tlhaloso ea ponahalo e ntle

Mmala ke ka lebaka la halogens absorption ea leseli bonahalang ke limolek'hule tsa etsa hore dieleketerone thabile. Fluoro monyang bopherese khanya, 'me ka lebaka leo o sheba lerootho mosehla. Iodine litareng e, ka fapana le hoo, monyang khanya mosehla 'me ho bonahala pherese (mosehla le pherese - tlatsanang mebala). Halogen mebala e ba le leso kudu le eketseha nako.

The lik'hontheinara tiisitsoe mokelikeli bromine le a iodine litareng e tiileng ke ho equilibrium le mouoane oa eona, e leng se ka ho ketekoa ka khase e 'mala.

Le hoja 'mala o astatine sa tsejoeng, ho lumeloa hore e lokela ho ba e le leso kudu a iodine litareng e (sa t. E. Black) ho latela mohlala o ile a re.

Joale, haeba u ba ile ba botsoa: "Hlalosa thepa meleng halogens," o tla re.

Tekanyo ea ho kena moea oa halogens ka metsoako

Tekanyo ea ho kena moea o atisa ho sebelisoa ho ena le "valence tsa halogens." Ka tloaelo ho, ka ho kena moea boemo lekanang -1. Empa haeba halogen ea ho amahanngoa le ho tsamaisa oksijene e 'ngoe kapa halogen, ho ka' na nka e re ba bang: oksijene -2 of sb na pele. Tabeng ea liathomo tse peli tse fapaneng halogen bonded hammoho ho feta electronegative athomo predominates le nka CO -1.

Ka mohlala, ka iodine litareng chloride (ICl) ke CO chloro -1, +1 le a iodine litareng e. Chloride e electronegative fetang a iodine litareng e, kahoo CO o lekana le -1.

The acid e bromic (HBrO ₄₎ oksijene e na le CO -8 (-2 x, 4 = -8 athomo). Hydrogen e na le e leng kakaretso ho kena moea palo +1. Ho phaella moo melao ena e 'meli fana CO -7. Ho tloha komponeng qetela of sb lokela ho lefela, le CO ke bromine supileng.

Kantle boraro puso ena e tekanyo ea ho ho kena moea oa halogen ka mokgwa elemental (X _2), moo CO lona lekana lefela.

Hobaneng le fluorine kamehla e -1?

Electronegativity eketsa le nako. Ka lebaka leo, fluorine na le electronegativity phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea likarolo tsohle, e le pakoang ke le boemong ba eona ka tafole nako le nako. phetolo lona elektroniki 1s ² bo 2 ² 2p ^5. Ha fluoride fumana elektrone e mong, a feteletseng orbitals leq ka ho feletseng tlala le theha e octet feletseng. Hobane fluorine na le electronegativity phahameng, ho ka ba bonolo ho khetha e le elektrone tswa liathomo tsa boahelani. Fluoride tabeng ena isoelectronic khase inert (ka robeli valence dieleketerone) le orbitals tsohle tsa eona Link khorisoa. Ka puso ena, fluorine le lintho tse ngata ho feta tsitsitseng.

Oa ho lokisetsa le tshebediso ya halogens

Ka tlhaho, halogens li anion le kateng, ho ba halogen mahala e hlahisoang ke ho kena moea ke electrolysis kapa ke oxidants. Mohlala, chloride e hlahisoang ke hydrolysis ea tharollo sodium chloride. Tshebediso ya halogens le metsoako bona tse sa tšoaneng.

• Fluoride. Ho sa tsotellehe 'nete ea hore fluorine ke arabelang haholo, le sebelisitsoe ka liindasteri tse ngata. Ka mohlala, e ke senotlolo karolo ea polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) le fluoropolymers tse ling. Chlorofluorocarbons tse manyolo lik'hemik'hale tse neng se sebelisoa e le refrigerants le propellants ka aerosols. kopo tsa bona e khaotsa ho e loketseng ho tshusumetso bona khoneha ka tikoloho. Ba ile ba nkeloa sebaka ke hydrochlorofluorocarbons. Fluorine e phaella ka ho re ho sesepa sa meno (SnF ₂₎ le metsi a nooang (NaF) ho thibela leino ho bola. halogen e leng ka letsopa sebelisoa ho hlahisa mefuta e itseng ea letsopa (LiF), o ile a sebelisa ka matla a nyutlelie (UF ₆₎ ho fumana lithibela-mafu fluoroquinolone, ea alumina (Na ₃ Alf ₆₎ bakeng sa kwahelang ea thepa phahameng gagamalo (SF _6).
• Chloride hape fumana mefuta e fapaneng ya ea e sebelisang. E sebediswa bakeng sa disinfection ea metsi a nooang 'me matamo a sesa. Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) ke karolo e ka sehloohong ea ho soeufala ha mahlahana. asiti Hydrochloric ho pharaletseng sebelisoa indastering le dilaboratiriamong. Chloride teng polyvinyl chloride (PVC) le polymers tse ling tse sebelisoang bakeng sa kwahelang lithapo, methapo le elektronike. Ho feta moo, chloride e bile e molemo ho indasteri e etsang meriana. Medicaments nang chloride, li sebelisoa ho alafa tšoaetso ea, allergy le lefu la tsoekere. Nke lehlakore hydrochloride foromo - ka karolo ea lithethefatsi tse ngata. Chloride le boetse le sebelisoa ho sterilize thepa sepetlele le disinfection. Ka temo, chloride le ke motsoako oa ba bangata khoebo chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana DDT (dihlorodifeniltrihloretan) o ile a sebelisoa e le likokoanyana tsa temo, empa ho e sebelisa ile a khaotsa.

• Bromine, ka lebaka la nonflammability lona, o ile a sebelisa ho thibela metsoako combustion e. E boetse e na methylene lethal gene, e pesticide sebediswa bakeng sa polokelo ea lijalo le ho hatelloang ea libaktheria. Leha ho le joalo, ho sebelisa ka tsela e feteletseng ea methylene lethal gene e se e khaotsa ka lebaka la tshusumetso lona ka lera ozone. Bromine le sebelisitsoe ka tlhahiso ea peterole, ea lifoto filimi, litima-lebone mollo, meriana bakeng sa kalafo ya serame sa matšoafo le lefu la Alzheimer.
• Iodine litareng e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho ea ka tšebetso e nepahetseng ea thyroid tsoelesa e. Haeba 'mele ha e fumana iodine litareng e lekaneng, ho thyroid tsoelesa e eketseha. Bakeng sa thibelo ea goiter a sebetsang a halogen ekeletsoa letsoai tafole. Iodine litareng e le boetse le sebelisoa e le sebolaya dikokwana-hloko. Iodine litareng e leng ka tharollo sebediswa bakeng sa tlhoekiso ea maqeba bulehileng le le teng le ho disinfecting sprays. Ho ekelletsa moo, silevera iodide lona ke la bohlokoa setšoantšong.
• Astatine - ntšang mahlaseli a kotsi le ka seoelo lefatše halogen, kahoo ho feta e sa sebelisoa. Ho lumeloa hore karolo ea ena e ka u thusa ho a iodine litareng e le molao oa tsamaiso ea li-hormone thyroid.