Fluoride ke eng? Matlo a fluorine

Fluorine ke ntho ea lik'hemik'hale (letšoao F, atomic nomoro ea 9), e seng ea tšepe ea sehlopha sa halogen. Ena ke ntho e sebetsang ka ho fetisisa le e sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa. Ha mocheso o tloaelehileng le khatello, molek'hule ea fluorine ke khase e chefo ea 'mala o mosehla o mosehla o nang le foromo ea F ₂ . Joaloka li-halogen tse ling, molek'hule ea fluoride e kotsi haholo 'me, ha e kopana le letlalo, e baka lik'hemik'hale tse matla haholo.

Sebelisa

Fluorine le lik'hemik'hale tsa eona li sebelisoa haholo, tse kenyeletsang tlhahiso ea meriana, lik'hemik'hale, lik'hemik'hale le lisebelisoa le masela. Hydrofrofluoric acid e sebelisetsoa ho sebelisoa khalase, 'me mali a tsoang ho fluorine a sebelisetsoa ho hlahisa semiconductor le lisebelisoa tse ling. Lipalo tse fokolang tsa li-ions ka meno le meno le metsi a nooang li ka thusa ho thibela menoana a meno, athe likhahla tse phahameng li karolo ea likokoana-hloko tse ling. Lintho tse ngata tse tloaelehileng tsa anesthetics li tsoa li-hydrofluorocarbons. Isotope ¹⁸ F ke mohloli oa positrons bakeng sa ho fumana litšoantšo tsa bongaka ka positron emission tomography, 'me uranium hexafluoride e sebelisoa ho arola li-isotopes tsa uranium le ho ntlafatsa uranium bakeng sa limela tsa nyutlelie.

Histori ea ho sibolloa

Liminerale tse nang le metsoako ea fluorine li tsejoa lilemo tse ngata pele ho lokolloa ha lik'hemik'hale tsena. Ka mohlala, diminerale fluorspar (kapa fluorite), e nang le calcium fluoride, e hlalositsoe ka 1530 ke George Agricola. O hlokometse hore e ka sebelisoa e le ho fapana - ntho e thusang ho fokotsa ntlha ea ho qhibiliha ea tšepe kapa ore le ho thusa ho hloekisa tšepe e batlang. Ka hona, fluorine lebitso la lona la Selatine le fumanoe ho tsoa lentsoeng fluere ("leak").

Ka 1670, Heinrich Schwanhard ea khenang khalase o ile a fumana hore khalase e ne e etselitsoe tlas'a tšusumetso ea calcium fluoride (fluorspar) e tšoaroa ka acid. Karl Scheele le bafuputsi ba bangata hamorao, ho akarelletsa le Humphry Davy, Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac, Antoine Lavoisier, Louis Tenar, ba ne ba leka ka hydrofluoric acid (HF), e ileng ea fumanoa habonolo ka ho phekola CaF ka sulfuric acid e tebileng.

Qetellong, ho ile ha hlaka hore HF e na le ntho e sa tsejoeng pele. Leha ho le joalo, ntho ena, ka lebaka la ho sebelisoa ha eona ka tsela e feteletseng ka lilemo tse ngata e ne e sa tsejoe. Hase feela ho le thata ho arohana le metsoako, empa hang-hang e arabela le likarolo tse ling. Ho itšehla thajana ea fluorine e tsoang ho hydrofluoric acid ho kotsi haholo, mme boiteko ba pele bo ile ba foufatsa ba ba ba bolaea bo-rasaense ba 'maloa. Batho bana ba ile ba tsejoa e le "bashoela-tumelo ba fluoride".

Ho bula le ho hlahisa

Qetellong, ka 1886, mofuputsi oa Mofora Henri Moissan o ile a atleha ho arola fluorine ka electrolysis ea motsoako oa potassium fluorides le hydrofluoric acid. Ka sena o ile a fuoa Moputso oa Nobel ka 1906 tšimong ea chemistry. Tsela ea eona ea ho sebelisa electrolytic e ntse e sebelisoa kajeno bakeng sa tlhahiso ea indasteri ea lik'hemik'hale tsena.

Tlhahiso ea pele e kholo ea fluoride e qalile nakong ea Ntoa ea Bobeli ea Lefatše. E ne e hlokoa bakeng sa mohato o mong oa ho bōptjoa ha bomo ea athomo ka moralo oa morero oa Manhattan. Fluorine e ne e sebelisetsoa ho hlahisa uranium hexafluoride (UF ₆ ), eo hape, e neng e sebelisetsoa ho arola li-isotopes tse peli tse ²³⁵ U le ²³⁸ U ho tloha ho tse ling. Kajeno, _ho hlokahala hore uF _{6 e} be le mafura bakeng sa ho hlahisa uranium e matlafatsang matla a nyutlelie.

Lintho tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa fluoride

Lethathamong la periodic, karolo ea karolo e ka holimo ea sehlopha sa 17 (sehlopha sa pele sa 7A), se bitsoang halogen. Liholo tse ling li akarelletsa chlorine, bromine, iodine le astatine. Ho phaella moo, F e boemong ba bobeli pakeng tsa oksijene le neon.

Furuorine e hloekileng ke khase e senyang (sethomo sa lik'hemik'hale F ₂ ) se nang le monko o monate, o fumanoang mahlakoreng a lithane tse 20 ka hora. E le eona e sebetsang ka ho fetisisa le e khethollang liphatlalatso tsa likarolo tsohle, e hlahisa metsoako le boholo ba tsona. Fluorine e tsitsitse haholo hore e be teng ka mokhoa oa motheo mme e na le kamano e joalo le thepa e ngata, ho akarelletsa le silicone, e ke keng ea pheha kapa ea bolokoa likotong tsa khalase. Moeeng o nang le mongobo, o itšoara ka metsi, o etsa motsoako o lekanang oa hydrofluoric acid.

Fluorine, ha e sebetsana le hydrogen, e phatloha leha e le e batang haholo le lefifing. E itšoara ka matla ka metsi, e etsa hydrofluoric acid le gaseous oksijene. Lisebelisoa tse fapa-fapaneng, tse kenyeletsang tšepe e arohaneng ka khase le khalase, chesa mofuteng oa khase ea fluorine e nang le mollo o khanyang. Ho phaella moo, lik'hemik'hale tsena tsa lik'hemik'hale li kopana le likhase tse ntle tsa krypton, xenon le radon. Leha ho le joalo, ha e arabele ka kotloloho le nitrojene le oksijene.

Ho sa tsotellehe ts'ebetso e feteletseng ea fluoride, mekhoa ea ts'ebetso ea eona e sireletsehileng le lipalangoang e se e fumaneha kajeno. The element e ka bolokoa ka lik'hilograma tse entsoeng ka tšepe kapa monel (e leng lisebelisoa tse nang le nickel), kaha li-fluoride li thehoa holim'a lisebelisoa tsena, tse thibelang ho arabela ho eketsehileng.

Li-fluoride ke lintho tseo ho tsona fluorine e hlahang e le e ikhethang e fokolang (F-) e kopantsoe le likarolo tse ling tse ntle tse qositsoeng. Lik'hemik'hale tsa fluorine tse nang le lisebelisoa ke tse ling tsa mefuta e tsitsitseng ka ho fetisisa. Ha e qhibiliha metsing, e arotsoe ka li-ions. Mefuta e meng ea fluorine ke li-complexes, ka mohlala, [FeF ₄ ] ^- , le H ₂ F ⁺ .

Isotopes

Ho na le li-isotopes tse ngata tsa halogen ena, ho tloha ka ¹⁴ F ho ea ho ^31. Leha ho le joalo, ho qaptjoa ha motsoako oa isoropi ho kenyelletsa e le 'ngoe ea tsona, ¹⁹ F, e nang le li-neutron tse 10, kaha feela e tsitsitse. Isotope ea ¹⁸ F ke mohloli oa bohlokoa oa positrone.

Liphello tsa likokoana-hloko

Fluoride 'meleng e fumaneha haholo masapong le meno ka mefuta ea ion. Tlhaloso ea metsi a nooang maemong a tlase ho karolo e le 'ngoe ka milione e fokotsa ts'ebetso ea likarabo - ho latela National Council of Research of National Academy of Sciences. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho bokella ho feteletseng ha fluoride ho ka lebisa ho fluorosis, e iponahatsang e le mottle meno. Phello ena e atisa ho hlokomeloa libakeng tseo likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale tsena ho metsi a nooang li feta ho feta maqhubu a 10 ppm.

Elemental fluoride le saloride letsoai li na le chefo 'me li lokela ho phekoloa ka tlhokomelo e kholo. Ho ikopanya le letlalo kapa mahlo ho lokela ho qojoa ka hloko. Ho itšoara le letlalo ho hlahisa hydrofluoric acid, e potlakileng e kenella ka mahlahahlaha 'me e itšoara ka khalsiamo masapong, e ba senya ka ho sa feleng.

Fluoride tikolohong

Palo ea selemo le selemo ea tlhahiso ea lefats'e ea limela tsa fluorite ke lithane tse ka bang limilione tse 4, 'me boholo ba li-deposit tse hlahlojoang li ka hare ho lithane tse limilione tse 120. Libaka tse ka sehloohong tsa merafong ena ke Mexico, China le Bophirimela Europe.

Ka tlhaho, fluoride e fumanoa karolong ea lefatše, moo e ka fumanoang majoe, mashala le letsopa. Li-fluoride li oela moeeng le ho fokola ha mobu moeeng. Fluorine ke karolo ea 13 e tloaelehileng haholo ea lik'hemik'hale sebakeng sa lefats'e - e leng karolo ea 950 ppm. Ha e le mobung, ka karolelano ho na le hoo e ka bang 330 ppm. Hydrogen fluoride e ka lokolloa moeeng ka lebaka la lits'ebetso tsa mollo lefapheng. Li-fluoride tse leng moeeng li qetella li oela mobung kapa metsing. Ha fluorine e theha maqhama le likaroloana tse nyenyane haholo, e ka lula moeeng ka nako e telele.

Sebakeng se sepakapaka, li-0,6 bilione tsa lik'hemik'hale tsena li na le moholi oa letsoai le metsoako ea li-chlorine. Maemong a litoropo, mahloriso a fihla likarolong tse 50 ho limilione tse likete.

Maqhama

Fluorine ke k'hemik'hale ea lik'hemik'hale e hlahisang metsoako e mefuta-futa ea li-organic le tse ling. Li-chemist li ka li nkela sebaka ka liathomo tsa haedrojene, kahoo li bōpa lintho tse ngata tse ncha. Li-halogen tse nang le mahlaseli a phahameng haholo li kopana le likhase tse ntle. Ka 1962, Neil Bartlett o ile a etsa motsoako oa xenon hexafluoroplatinate (XePtF6). Ho ile ha boela ha fumanoa li-fluoride tsa krypton le radon. Motsoako o mong ke argon fluoride, e tsitsitseng feela maemong a batang haholo.

Applications Industrial

Sebakeng sa athomo le limolek'hule, fluorine e sebelisetsoa ho kopanya li-plasma ho hlahisa li-semiconductors, ho bonts'a marang-rang le mekhoa ea microelectromechanical. Hydrofrofluoric acid e sebelisoa bakeng sa khalase ea litšepe ka mabone le lihlahisoa tse ling.

Hammoho le tse ling tsa metsoako ea eona, fluoride ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea tlhahiso ea meriana, lik'hemik'hale tsa lik'hemik'hale, mafura le lisebelisoa le masela. The chemical element e hlokahalang bakeng sa ho hlahisa alkanes halogenate (e leng halons), e leng eona e sebelisoang haholo ho tsamaiso ea moea le ho phomola. Hamorao, tšebeliso e joalo ea li-chlorofluorocarbons e ne e thibetsoe, kaha li kenya letsoho tšenyo ea lera la ozone moeeng o ka holimo.

Sulfur hexafluoride ke khase e sa tsitsang haholo, e seng chefo e amanang le dintho tse etsang hore ho be le sethopo sa ho futhumatsa. Kantle ho fluorine, ho ke ke ha khoneha ho hlahisa plastiki e tlaase , e kang Teflon. Manonyeletso a mangata (mohlala, sevoflurane, desflurane le isoflurane) ke li-derivatives tsa hydrofluorocarbons. Sodium hexafluoroaluminuminate (cryolite) e sebelisoa ka electrolysis ea aluminium.

Lik'hemik'hale tsa metsi, tse kenyelletsang NaF, li sebelisetsoa ho thibela menoana ho thibela li-caries. Lintho tsena li kenyelletsoa mananeong a metsi a lik'hamphani bakeng sa fluoridation ea metsi, empa ka lebaka la liphello tsa bophelo bo botle, mokhoa ona ke ho phehisana khang. Ha maemo a phahame, NaF e sebelisoa e le likokoanyana, haholo-holo ho laola maphele.

Nakong e fetileng, li-fluoride li ne li sebelisetsoa ho fokotsa ntlha ea ho qhibiliha ea methapo le li-ore le ho eketsa metsi a tsona. Fluorine ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea tlhahiso ea uranium hexafluoride, e sebelisoang ho arola li-isotopes tsa eona. ¹⁸ F, isotope e nang le mahlaseli a kotsi a nang le halofo ea metsotso e 110, e ntša positrone 'me e atisa ho sebelisoa meriana ea positron emission tomography.

Litho tsa 'mele oa fluorine

Lintho tsa motheo tsa lik'hemik'hale ke tse latelang:

• Boima ba athomo ke 18,9984032 g / mol.
• Tlhahlobo ea elektronike 1s ² 2s ² 2p ⁵ _.
• Degree ea oxidiation -1.
• Boima ba tsona ke 1.7 g / l.
• Ntho e qhibilihisitsoeng 53.53 K.
• Sebaka sa ho belisa ke 85.03 K.
• Mocheso o khethehileng ke 31.34 J / (K · mol).