Ea ileng a fumana North Pole? History tsa sibolloa ha North Pole

Ba teng ha North palo libaka ea Lefatše ka latitudes phahameng ka lilemo tse makholo hapa tlhokomelo ea bafuputsi ba le bahahlauli. Mang kapa mang o ile a bula North Pole, ho tlotlisa lebitso la hae ha ho na tlase ea Columbus, Magellan le bafuputsi ba bang haholo. Maeto ka latitudes phahameng ka leboea loketseng ho tsoa e Russia, UK, USA, Norway, Italy. batsamai ba bangata ba timela pele ho finyella pakane ena. mabitso a bona ke hopola le litloholo tsa teboho.

Ho sibolloa ha North Pole. prehistory

bafuputsi ba Russia ho tswa Novgorod ka lilemo tse makholo XI-XII fihla lebōpong la White Sea.

Lilemong tse 1595-1597 V. Barents le basesisi ba hae le letšehali ho ea mariha ho Arctic, e lebōpong le ka bophirimela la Novaya Zemlya ho fumana ho fihlela ho lena sehlekehlekeng sa Spitsbergen.

British mofuputsi G. Hudson ka 1607, e ile ea fihla ka bochabela bohale ba Greenland, empa leeto se ile sa emisoa ke leqhoa. Sehlopha sa khona ho finyella Spitsbergen, empa ka holimo 80,23 ° ne a ke ke falla.

V. Bering lilemong 1725-1734 ile ka ea pele Kamchatka leeto ho hlahloba latitudes Polar.

Hobaneng-pula-maliboho ba ile ba batla ho North Pole?

E mong ka mor'a e 'ngoe, ba laela ka leeto e ncha, pakane ea bona - ho sibolloa tsa North Pole. Batho ba bangata ba tsoang linaheng tse fapaneng tlohang ho North. Ho susumelletsa batsamai se feela a thahasella feela saense. mekhoa e mecha ea ka fokotsa hole ba tsamaea ka likepe tsa khoebo le sesole tsoang Europe ho Asia. Potso ea ileng a fumana North Pole, ha tšohloa lilemong tseo. Bafuputsi le bahahlauli ba ka nako e telele ka phunyeletse ka hodimo 80 ° leboea bolokolohi.

Mehopolo maeto metsing ho North Pole

Lilemong tsa bo-XVII ho ne ho khopolo ea qhibiliha ea leqhoa ka likhoeli tse ea lehlabula le haufi le North Pole Geographic. Bafuputsi ba bang ba lumela hore ho na le ka 'na e-ba teng leoatle, e sa koahetsoe ke leqhoa. tšōmo ena e thehiloe boiteko ba bangata hore ba fihle latitudes phahameng ke metsi a leoatle ka likepe. Le leholo Russia rasaense Mikhail Lomonosov khanna dipalelo netefatsa monyetla ona. Empress Catherine e Moholo o ile a laela e leeto. Ka molao-taelo lona Admiral V. Chichagov ka 1765-limithara le 1766-limithara habeli ke ile ka ea ho ea batla e sa lefelloeng sebaka metsi a, moo o ka fumana ho North Pole. Admiral khone ho fallela hodimo 80,30 °. Ha ke fumana sibolotseng tsa North Pole ho tloha hloohong ea British sesole sa metsing leeto K. Phipps. O ile a khona ho finyella ka 1773, feela Latitude 80,48 °. boiteko ba atleha ho hlōla setseng likhato tse seng kae ho North Pole sutumelletsa ho morao taba ea metsi ho tsamaea ka latitudes a phahameng.

New leeto Polar holim 'a leoatle le ka leqhoa

Ka 1827, Lenyesemane Uilyam Parri qeto ea ho ea North Pole ho fetela ho leqhoa a Arctic. O ne a ka ba e mong oa batho ba pele e ile ea fihla ea North Pole. Parry leeto tšehetsoa ke Brithani Admiralty. bafuputsi Polar ngotsweng ho tswa ho Engelane ka March 1827 ka sekepe se 'me o fihla sehlekehlekeng sa Spitsbergen. Hlooho ea leeto le metsoalle ea hae o ile a palama sekepe se a hlomelloa le limathi khethehileng. Hahabang leqhoa detachment fihla 82,45 °. tlaleho ena e neng e behiloe ka ka la 23 July, 1827 'me a lula bakeng sa hoo e ka bang 50 lilemo tse. Har'a barupeluoa ba ea leeto e ne e D. Ross, ea tlotloa ka ho sibolloa ha North Magnetic Pole. Le ho feta tsoetse pele ho Briton J. Ners, ea ileng a leboea ka 1875. lijana tse peli, 'me ka nako eo sled, e le hore batho ba hulela letsoho thunyang khona ho fumana ka May 1876 ho equator ea 83,20 °. Ka nako eo e ne e le tlaleho e ncha ka latitudes Polar, empa e se litho tsa leeto la ba Ranked tseo ea ileng a fumana North Pole.

Leqhoa Arctic

Tsitiso North American leeto D. De Long, ea July 8, 1879 tsamaea ka sekepe ka seketsoana "Jeannette" ho tloha San Francisco. sekepe se ba feta har'a e Bering Strait 'me o fihla Wrangel Island Leoatleng la Arctic. Mona vmerz seketsoana ka leqhoa le boemong ena o ile a qala ho suthela ikutloeleng North Pole. Empa ka mor'a likhoeli tse 21, "Jeannette" teba, bolokoa feela karolo e nyenyane ea sehlopha sa.

Experience De Long ile a thusa ho hlophisa le leeto ho Norwegian mofuputsi Polar F. Nansen. O loketseng tsoa ka sekepe e khethehileng "Fram", ikamahanya le maemo ho hoholeha tsa leqhoa. The motsamai tummeng etsa qeto ea ho nka ka lebaka la ho Ocean Arctic le ba oa pele oa ho fumana North Pole. "Fram" e ile ea tšoareloa ho e ka Leboea ea Leoatle Route, laylooo ho, le la 14 March, 1895 ho fihla ho tšoana 84,4 °. Nansen ka skis le sleds ntja e ile ea fihla 86,14 °, empa o ne a ile a khaotsa ho ka ho hummocks leqhoa. Ka 1899, litho tsa Prince Amedeo Savoyskogo Luidzhi Setaliana Arctic detachment ile ba khona ho fumana ka leqhoa sled ntja ho fihlela ho 86,34 °.

Thabo ho pota sibolotseng tsa North Pole

Ka lilemo tse ngata ho na le phehisano e ka ba ke ba pele ba ho fumana North Pole. palo e sa batsamai ba bolela hore karolo ea sena. E mong oa bona - American F. Cook, ba neng ba ipolela hore ntja sled, o ile a conductors ba babeli, Eskimos ho North Pole la 21 April, 1908. The-rasaense e batla bopaki, empa Cook ne a ke ke fana ka tsona. Ka lefatše tsebahalang phehisano pakeng tsa Maamerika tse peli, e mong le e ba tsona e bolela hore e ne e le a - the sibolotseng ea North Pole. E mong oa bona - ho moapehi, 'me ea bobeli - moenjiniere Robert Piri. O ile a bolela hore o ne a ka bolokolohi 90 ° la 6 April, 1909. Polar sathelaete ne compatriot M. Henson, hammoho le itsebisa, o ile a hira Eskimos bane. Amoheloe Piri ya kotonda le nepahale, 'me e se e ile a belaella.

Russia leeto ho North Pole

Ntle le kenella phehisano, ea ileng a pele a hlōla North Pole, bafuputsi Russia li tsoela pele ho hlophisehileng hlahloba le ho ntshetsa pele le Arctic. Lilemong tse 1912-1914 leeto G. Sedov qeta tse peli nakong ea mariha Polar ka boto ea sekepe. Ka makhetlo a Soviet Union, e ne e etsoa ka thuso ea bo-rasaense ba lulisa lifofane km 30 ho tloha North Pole. From ena 21 May, 1937 o ile a qala pele hoholeha ea lefatše ho ea ka seteishene sa leqhoa ho etsa lipatlisiso NP-1.

Barupeluoa ba ea leeto la:

1. Ivan Papanin (hlooho);
2. Peter Shirshov (oceanographer);
3. Eugene Fedorov (meteorologia);
4. Ernst Krenkel (-le-moea sa opareita).

O ile ea nka likhoeli tse robong tsa ho ritsa, e leng nakong eo bafuputsi ba ile ba shebella. Floe o ne a le 2850 km le ho tloha sebakeng se pele ya lulisa ka batho ba habo. Ho tloha lebōpong la Greenland, bafuputsi palama likepe tse pshatlang leqhoa Union.

Ho ithuta Arctic o tsoela pele ka likete tse tharo tse ncha. Fumana le ntshetswa pele mehloli ea mobung matsoai ka raka, athe ea maoatle Arctic, tsoela ho tšoasa litlhapi. Linaha tse nang le phihlelo ea Arctic, ho na le ke e ngata tse thahasellisang. New leeto, le koetlisitsoeng ka bo-rasaense, industrialists, sesole, ho ea North Pole. Ho boetse ho na machaba dipapadi dithonamenteng ho tšoaea ho qala ho ea ea lehlabula Polar. Balateli ba Nansen Cook, Peary, Sedov, papanintsev boela a laela e ka leboea ho lefatše ho ntlha o nang le bolokolohi 90 °, e le hore ba ho paka tlhōlo ea boikemisetso le moea ho fetela ho leqhoa a thata Polar.