Ditumellano tsa matjhaba ka ho sireletsa tikoloho: mehlala

Morao koana ka 1902, Paris e ile ea pele lokolloa Molao mabapi le ho sireletsa liphoofolo - kopano e laolwa ho sireletsa linonyana, sebelisoa ka temo. litaba tsa tikoloho joale haholo-holo a hlobaetsang le bophelong ba rōna. Empa bothata e bile teng ka nako e telele. Ka hona, le lichaba tse ngata ba etsa qeto ea ho fumana hammoho le ho bopa ditumellano tsa matjhaba ka ho sireletsa tikoloho. Fana ka mehlala ea ba bang ba bona re tla sehloohong sena.

Ramsar Convention

Ka morero oa ho tumellano ena ke ea molao ho sireletsa tikoloho, hammoho le sa ho boloka ya matlotlo a rōna polanete ea makgobokgobo. Ka moralo wa a ditumellano tsa matjhaba tikoloho li ne li ile tsa amohela ka 1971. Sena se etsahetse motseng MoIran tsa Ramsar. Tumellano ea hlalosa lintho tse ka e mong le e naheng ea nkang karolo ho eona, 'me Komiti ea Machaba ka thusa ho sireletsa baahi ba tikoloho ya makgobokgobo:

• Ho thehoa ha makgobokgobo sireletswa ea sechaba naheng ka 'ngoe.
• Kamohelo ya bohlokoa 'ona tsa moetlo le tsa setso.
• Kgothaletso ya mesebetsi kamehla ho boloka boleng metsi, lihlapi, temo le boikhathollo.
• Ntlafatsa le seabo setjhaba ka paballo ya.
• Matlafatsa tsebo le ho ntlafatsa thuto tšimong ea mehlodi ya makgobokgobo.

Litho tsa Convention a tsoela pele ho kopana kamehla e le linaheng tse sa tšoaneng bakeng sa ho ntlafatsoe le katoloso ea mehato ya tshireletso mohlodi. Ka 1987, e leng motse oa Canada ea Regina (Saskatchewan) o ile a fetolwa.

Molao molao oa tsamaiso ya mefuta e sa

lumellana ka ho boloka ho fapafapana likokoana-hloko ileng ea amoheloa ka ho Rio De Janeiro, 5 June, 1992 This selekane dikamahano jarelang tse seng kae lipakane tsa mantlha tse tsamaeang ka ditumellano tsa tse ling machaba tikoloho. Mehlala ea merero ea ana:

• paballo ea mefuta-futa e likokoana-hloko;
• tšebeliso mpshafatswago ea likarolo tsa lona;
• ka toka le lekanang arolelana melemo e hlahang ho tswa ho tshebediso ya mehlodi ya liphatsa tsa lefutso.

Ka mantsoe a mang, ntho e tumellano e ho ntshetsa pele mawa ea sechaba bakeng sa ho pholosa le ho sebedisa e loketseng ea ho fapafapana likokoana-hloko. Kopano ena e se e boetse e akarelletsa ditumellano tsa matjhaba tikoloho, mehlala ea tse ka sehloohong seo. 2010 ho ile ha phatlalatsoa ka Selemo sa Machaba sa phedisano ya diphedi.

Helsinki Convention

The Helsinki Convention ileng ea amoheloa ka ho sireletsa tikoloho metsing ka Leoatle la Baltic. Tumellano pele ea machaba ka ho sireletsa tikoloho ka hare moralo wa lona li ne li bua ka matsoho ka 1974 ke linaha tse kang Denmark, Finland, West le Jeremane Bochabela, Poland, Sweden le USSR, 'me e ile ea e atlehang May 3, 1980 Kopano ea bobeli e ile saennweng ka 1992 Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Estonia, European Union, Finland, Jeremane, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia le Sweden. E sebetsang dinaheng, ho amohela tumellano ea machaba ka ho sireletsa tikoloho, ba itlama ho hlophisa mehato tsohle ho hlokahala hore ho thibela le ho fokotsa tšilafalo e le hore ba thuse ka ho tsosolosoa ha e ho leka-lekana tlholeho tsa Leoatle la Baltic. Hape, sete ya mehato ya ho thibela kapa fokotsa tšenyo e bakiloeng ho tikoloho ya kotsi eo.

manyolo kgotlelo

Tumellano e ile ya saenelwa ke bona ka 2001 ka Stockholm, 'me a kena ka ho mo qobella ka May 2004. Morero oa eona e ne e le ho felisa kapa ho fokotsa tlhahiso ea kgotlelo tsena. lintlha tsa sehlooho tsa ditumellano tsa Tikoloho Protection Agency kenyeletsa ditlhoko tsa linaheng tse tsoetseng pele ho fana ka chelete eketsehileng le mehato ea ho felisa ho hlahisa le ho sebelisoa ha Pops ka boomo hlahisoa, le ho felisa Pops ka morero hlahisoa, moo khoneha, 'me e nepahetseng litšila lahla.

Tumellano ea Machaba a Kopaneng ka Climate Change (UNFCCC)

Tumellano, e neng e saenwa ke linaheng tse fetang 180, ho ile ha etsoa ka "Earth Summit" ka 1992 ka Rio De Janeiro 'me ba kena ho mo qobella ho 21 March 1994. The Moralo Convention - ke tikoloho selekane machaba (hona joale ke eona feela ea machaba selekane leano ha boemo ba leholimo le legitimacy sephara), e leng e tšohloa Conference United Nations ka tikoloho le Organization ntshetsopeleng (UNCED). Morero oa eona ke ho theha boemo ba tsitsitseng oa meea e sethopo e neng e tla thibela kotsi anthropogenic tshitsiso le tsamaiso ea boemo ba leholimo. The Selekane ka boeona ha e beha meeli e tlamang ka mesi e kotsi khase la sethopo bakeng sa lichaba tse sa motho ka mong 'me a se na mekgwa coercion. Ho latela molao, kopano e sa nkoa e le e tlamang. Ho ena le hoo, tumellano e fana ka moralo wa ho bōptjoa ha tokomane e khethehileng hore na ditumellano tsa itseng ea machaba ka ho sireletsa tikoloho (seo ho thoeng ke diprothokholo), eo ka eona u ka beha meeli e tlamang ka mesi e kotsi khase la sethopo.

The prothokholo ya Kyoto ho UNFCCC

Ka mor'a ho saenela linaha UNFCCC-setho bokana ho tšoareloang liboka ho tšohla hore na ho fihlela maikemisetso a konteraka ya. dipuisano Ho ekelletsa moo a lebisa ho bōptjoa ha prothokholo ya Kyoto. O e boetse e akarelletsa ditumellano tsa matjhaba ka ho sireletsa tikoloho le ho beha liphofu phokotso mohlapo tsa linaheng tse tsoetseng pele, tse tlamang tlas'a molao oa machaba.

The Biological Libetsa Convention (BWC)

E ne e le lekhetlo la pele dikamahano disarmament tumellano ea ho thibela ho hlahisa e sehlopha eohle ea libetsa. Tumellano ke phello ea mosebetsi o nako e telele tsa matjhaba a ho bopa tokomane e ncha, e neng e ka ho eketswa ke 1925 Geneva prothokholo ya (e leng, le eena, a hanela feela tshebediso empa a se ke rua lik'hemik'hale le libetsa tsa likokoana-hloko le ho ata tsa bona). BWC porojeke e ne hlahiswa ke British, o ile a saena ka 10 April 1972 'me a kena ka ho mo qobella ka la 26 March, 1975 Ho hloka 172 tsa' Muso oa mokha ka December 2014 ho thibela ntshetsopele, tlhahiso le stockpiling ea libetsa tsa likokoana-hloko le toxin. Leha ho le joalo, ho ba sieo ha puso leha e le efe netefatso tlhwaafetseng lekanyetsang ho atleha ha Tumellano. Ka bokhutšoanyane ka dikahare tsa tumellano ena, re ka re lintho tse latelang:

1. Mohla, le tlas'a maemo a leha e le efe, ho fumana kapa ho boloka libetsa tsa likokoana-hloko.
2. Senya kapa lebisa ho merero ea khotso libetsa tsa likokoana-hloko le matlotlo a amanang le tsona.
3. Phetiso ho mang kapa mang le libetsa tsa likokoana-hloko, ha se ho thusa ho fumana le polokesegong lona.
4. Ho nka mehato efe kapa efe ea sechaba ho hlokahala hore ho kenya tshebetsong dipehelo tsa BWC domestically.
5. Rerisanang bilaterally le multilaterally ka litaba tse amanang le tshebediso ya BWC.
6. Bopa likopo ka la Machaba a Kopaneng Security ho fuputsa ditlolo menyenyetsi ea Kopano le hore re hlomphe le ho etsa liqeto tsa lona morago ga moo.
7. Thusa States, le kotsing ka lebaka la tlōlo ea Biological Libetsa Convention.
8. Etsa sohle se matleng a ho ntshetsa pele e sebelisang khotso saense tsa likokoana-hloko le ho theknoloji.

The Selekane ka ho sireletsa linonyana fallang ka 1918

Tokomane ena e boetse e akarelletsa ditumellano tsa matjhaba tikoloho. Ho latela tokomaneng eo, ho boleloa hore tlhekefetso e seng molaong, ho tsoma, ho tšoasa litlhapi, ho tšoasa, ho bolaea kapa rekisa linonyana kenyelelitsoe e (fallang linonyana). The Charter ha totobatsa phapang pakeng tsa ba phelang le linonyana bafu, empa e boetse e fetela le ho masiba a, mahe le lihlaha. Ka lethathamo la tse fetang 800 mefuta e tlalehiloeng.

Bua ka (Sites)

Bua - kopano, o ile a saena ka 1973 Washington eaba ba kena ka ho mo qobella ho 1 July 1975 ka rekisa limela hlaha le liphoofolo, tseo joale le tlas'a tšokelo ea ho fela. Sena ke e mong oa kholo ka ho fetisisa le tsa khale-khale tsa ditumellano tsa teng histori. Sena kopanong ea machaba o laola le basekaseki Trade ka mefuta e itseng ea liphoofolo le limela. khethehileng oona tsamaisong diteseletso e se e ntshetswa pele, e leng laolang naha eohle, diyantle le botjha diyantle. E mong le e Party ho Convention ke ho bopa e le 'mele le' ngoe (kapa ho feta) taolo, e leng ne e tla ba le boikarabelo ba ho taolo ea tsamaiso diteseletso, hammoho le, bonyane e mele oa saense bakeng sa a buisane ka tshusumetso ya kgwebo ya ka mefuta e itseng oa phoofolo kapa bophelo semela. Tlas'a tšireletso ea Sites- ba ka 5,000 mefuta ea liphoofolo le mefuta 29.000 ea limela. E mong le e ba bona ba ka fumanoa atolositsoeng ho Convention, hammoho le tekanyo ea ho tšokelo le meeli ho khoebo.

ditumellano tsa matjhaba ka ho sireletsa tikoloho ka ho Russia

Naheng ya rona, re nka mehato e hlokahalang ho boloka ho leka-lekana tlholeho. Russia, joaloka linaheng tse ling, ka mafolofolo ba tšehetsa ka ditumellano tsa matjhaba tikoloho. Fana ka mehlala e ke tse latelang: 1979 - Tumellano ka Air tšilafalo (sefapano leliboho), 1992 - Convention, eo ho sireletsa ho tswa ho tšilafalo ho Leoatle le Letšo, ho tloha 2011 - ka Organic kgotlelo tse, 'me ba bang ba bangata.