Crystal lekhoakhoa le mefuta e tsa lona mantlha

Ho hang leha e le efe ntho lik'hemik'hale tse teng linthong tsa tlhaho, Ho thehoa ke palo e khōlō ea likaroloana le tsoanang tse amahanngoa hammoho. taba tsohle teng liprofinseng tse tharo tsa aggregation: gaseous, mokelikeli le tiileng. Ha thata mogote tshisinyo (ka thempereichara e tlaase) hammoho le ea-butle likaroloana e tieo sekametseng ka sebaka, e leng e bontšoa ka ho bona mehaho mokhatlong o hlophisitsoeng oa hantle.

The kristale lekhoakhoa la ntho e - ke sebopeho le geometrically laela tokisetso ea likaroloana (liathomo, limolek'hule kapa ions) ka lintlha tse itseng tsa sebaka. The gratings tse fapa-fapaneng tse hlaheletseng hara-noute sebaka le ka ho toba nodes - ntlha eo likaroloana li ba teng.

The lekhoakhoa kristale ke tsa mefuta e mene: metallic, limolek'hule, athomo, ionic. Types of tse fapaneng ba ikemiselitse ho latela mofuta oa likaroloana, tšekamelo ka nodes bona hammoho le mofuta wa dikgokelo pakeng tsa bona.

The lekhoakhoa kristale o bitsoa ea limolek'hule tabeng eo, haeba limolek'hule li lokisetsa ka nodes lona. Di amahanngoa ke mabotho intermolecular ba batlang e le ba fokolang, ba bitselitsoeng le van der Waals, empa ka liathomo hara molek'hule a ikopanya le haholo matla le ho feta covalent tlamo e (Polar kapa nonpolar). Limolek'hule kristale lekhoakhoa bath ya chloride, le hydrogen tiileng, carbon dioxide e le lintho tse ling tseo ke gaseous ka mocheso tloaelehileng.

The lithollo tse theha le likhase tse babatsehang, le bona ba na limolek'hule lekhoakhoa entsoeng ka limolek'hule monohydric. Boholo ba lintho tse tiileng manyolo na hantle mohaho joalo. palo ea dintho inorganic, eo e ikhethang sebopeho ea limolek'hule, e nyenyane haholo. Ena, ka mohlala, hydrogen halides tiileng, sebabole tlhaho, leqhoa, dintho tse sa rarahanang tiileng le ba bang.

Ha e chesang, e batlang e fokolang litlamo intermolecular li robehileng ka toka habonolo, kahoo ntho le gratings jwalo na tlaase haholo qhibiliha ntlha le tlaase thatafala, ba insoluble kapa ka mokhoa o lekanyelitsoeng qhibilihang ka har'a metsing, ditharollo tsa haholo bao e seng conductive, tšoauoa ka volatility haholo. Bonyane e belang e le qhibiliha mocheso - e dintho ba limolek'hule nonpolar.

Bitsoa tšepe joalo kristale lekhoakhoa di thehoa e nodes liathomo le ions o positive (cations) tsa tšepe le mahala valence dieleketerone (unhooked tloha liathomo nakong ea sebopeho sa ions) lootho fallela ka bongata kristale. Leha ho le joalo, dieleketerone tsena ke haholo seka-free, hobane ba ne ba ka tsamaea ka bolokolohi feela ka hore thibela sena lekhoakhoa kristale.

dieleketerone Electrostatic le ions ntle tsa tšepe ba bona baa hoheloa, e hlalosang botsitso tsa lekhoakhoa tšepe. The pokello ea dieleketerone mahala-ho fallela bitsoa elektrone khase - ho fana ka e ntle ea motlakase 'me mogote conductivity ea tšepe. Ha e motlakase gagamalo dieleketerone potlakela ho phatsa positive, e sebetsang ka ho bōptjoa ha e morao-rao ea motlakase le sebelisana le ions.

Metal kristale lekhoakhoa bath haholo-holo bakeng sa tšepe ho elemental le metsoako ea lirafshoa tse sa tšoaneng mong ho e mong. The thepa ea motheo tse sa tlholeho ka kristale metallic (phetha molao matla, volatility, qhibiliha mocheso), ho ena le matla fapana. Leha ho le joalo, thepa 'meleng tse kang ductility, malleability, phahameng motlakase le mogote conductivity, e bath metallic benya Phoofolo kristale feela feela tsa lekhoakhoa tšepe.