Cell: matla le sebopeho. Boleng ba lisele tse matla. Mehlala ea lisele matla

Ea kajeno lithuto tsa liteko li thehile hore sele ke rarahaneng mehaho le tshebetso ya ka yuniti ya hoo e ka bang tsohle tse phelang, ka ntle ho likokoana-hloko, e leng batho bao e seng lisele tse phelang. Cytology lithuto tsa mohaho le mosebetsi lisele: respiration, phepo e nepahetseng, ho ikatisa, khōlo. dithulaganyo tsena li tla tšohloa pampiri ena.

sebopeho seleng ea

Ka ho sebelisa khanya le elektrone ya microscope litsebi tsa baeloji li fumane hore limela le liphoofolo lisele tse ba le holim 'unit trust (nadmembrannye le submembrane mehahong), cytoplasm le organelles. Liseleng phoofolo fetang lera ke glycocalyx nang enzyme le ho fana ka matla a li-cell kantle cytoplasm ena. Ka lisele tse dimela, prokaryotes (libaktheria le cyanobacteria) le li-fungus tse fetang lera e thehoa leboteng ka seleng, eo e na le selulose, lignin kapa murein.

The khenele e tlamang organelle tsa eukaryotes. Ke lintho tse bonahalang lefa - DNA ho ba le mofuta o chromosomes. Libaktheria le cyanobacteria na nucleoid, ho sebeletsa e le microcyteme ba acid e deoxyribonucleic. Kaofela ba ile ba phetha mosebetsi ka tieo itseng, a etsa hore tshilong ya dijo ka dithulaganyo lisele.

Ke sefe seo re bolela'ng ka poleloana e reng "li-cell lijo"

Bophelo liponahatso lisele tse ke ha ho letho le empa ho fetiswa ha matla le ho fetola ho tloha mofuta mong ho e mong (ho ea ka molao oa pele oa thermodynamics). Energy, teng ka limatlafatsi tse patiloeng, 't. E. tlameha boemo tsoela ka limolek'hule ATP. Ka taba ea hore na matla a lisele tse ka baeloji, karabo e teng hore o nahanela postulates latelang:

1. A ke le seleng e le litsamaiso tse bulehileng tsa likokoana-hloko ho hloka lula ba matla a tikoloho.
2. dintho Organic hore lia hlokahala bakeng sa matla, sele ka fumanoa ka litsela tse peli:

a) ho tswa ho mahareng kantle ho sele, ka sebopeho sa metsoako loketse;

b) nosi synthesizing lihaha-'mele, lik'habohaedreite le mafura, ho tloha carbon dioxide, ammonia, joalo-joalo

Ka lebaka leo, lintho tse phelang tsohle li arotsoe ka metabolism heterotrophic le autotrophic eo likarolo lithuto Biochemistry.

Metabolism le Energy

Manyolo dintho kena seleng feta bokaholimo ba matsoele, oo ka oona matla a lokolloa ka mokgwa wa ATP kapa NADP-H2. The sete kaofela a itšoare tsa assimilation le dissimilation - ho e metabolism. Tlase re sheba methati ea metabolism matla, fana ka phepo e nepahetseng le ka liseleng heterotrophic. Ntlha ea pele, lihaha-'mele, lik'habohaedreite, le lipids li robehileng theoha ka monomers bona:-amino acid, tsoekere, glycerol le tse mafura acid. Joale, ka ho tshilo ya dijo oksijene-ntle ho tefo, ba angoa ke ho bola ka ho eketsehileng (anaerobic tshilo ya dijo).

Ka tsela ena ho na le e tsamaisoa intracellular likokoana-hloko rickettsia, chlamydia, 'me libaktheria li pathogenic tse kang Clostridium. Unicellular fungus e-tomoso khomarelana tsoekere ho ethanol, libaktheria acid e lactic - ho acid e lactic. Kahoo, glycolysis, joala, butyric, lactic acid e belisoa - tsena ke mehlala ea lisele matla ka lebaka la anaerobic tshilo ya dijo ka heterotrophs.

Autotrophic le litšobotsi tsa dithulaganyo le tshilong ya dijo

Bakeng sa lintho tse phelang Lefatšeng, matla a ka sehloohong mohloding ke letsatsi. Thanks ho eena, kopana ditlhoko tsa baahi ba lefatše la rōna. Ba bang ba bona ba tsa maiketsetso limatlafatsi ka lebaka la ho matla a leseli, ba ba bitsoa phototrophic. Batho ba bang - ka thuso ea matla a itšoare redox, ba ba bitsoa chemotroph. Ka le 'ngoe-e nang le sele dimelametsing phepo seleng, lifoto tsa e leng e fana mona ka tlase, le be le photosynthetically.

dimela tala na chlorophyll, e leng karolo ea chloroplast ena. O sebeletsa e le manakana a sa e, nkhape quanta la leseli. Leseli le mekhahlelo e lefifi ea tala etsahalang enzymatic itšoara joang (Calvin potoloho), le ka lebaka la e sebopeho sa carbon dioxide e ya dintho manyolo sebediswa bakeng sa ho fepa. Ka hona, le ka seleng eo matla ka lebaka la ho sebelisa matla a leseli, o ile a bua autotrophic kapa phototrophic.

phelang Unicellular bitsoa hemosintetikami, bakeng sa sebopeho sa dintho manyolo sebelisa matla a lokolloa ke lik'hemik'hale, mohlala, metsoako ea libaktheria tšepe oxidize tšepe ferrous ho ferric, 'me matla a lokolloa tsoela ho tswakana ea limolek'hule tsoekere.

Kahoo, lintho tse Foto-a maiketsetso a hapa khanya matla le sokolla hore e be eneji, le covalent mono- le polysaccharides. Ebe hammoho le maqhama tsa liketane lijo matla a isoa liseleng tsa lintho tse phelang heterotrophic. Ka mantsoe a mang, ka lebaka la tala, ho na le likarolo tsohle mehaho ea biosphere ena. Re ka bolela hore lisele tsa matla a tluoa tabeng ea tsela autotrophic, "fepa" ha eena ka boeena a feela empa hape le baahi bohle ba Lefatše.

E le lintho tse phelang heterotrophic fepa

Lisele tse leo lijo e itšetlehile ka ho amohela ho eona dintho manyolo ho tloha tikolohong ka ntle, e bitswang heterotrophic. Tse phelang tse kang li-fungus, liphoofolo, batho ba, 'me libaktheria li parasitic heletsa lik'habohaedreite, liprotheine le mafura ka thuso ea enzyme tshilong ya dijo.

Ka nako eo, monomers sephetho le ba ananelang sele 'me ae sebelisa ho haha organelles lona le bophelo. Qhibiliha limatlafatsi kena seleng ke pinocytosis, le likaroloana tiileng lijo - phagocytosis. phelang Heterotrophic ka classified ka saprotroph le likokoana-hloko. Pele (mohlala, mobu libaktheria, li-fungus, tse ling likokoanyana) fepa ka taba bafu manyolo, 'me ea bobeli (libaktheria, liboko, parasitic li-fungus) - lisele le lisele tsa lintho tse phelang.

Mixotrophy, kabo bona tsa tlhaho

Tsoakiloeng lijo tsa tlhaho ke ka seoelo haholo le ke mofuta o mong sesebelisoa (idioadaptatsy) ho lintlha tse sa tšoaneng tsa tikoloho. Ka sehloohong boemo mixotrophic - ke ho ba teng ha ka lisele le organelles nang chlorophyll bakeng sa tala le potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale mekgwa ya hore heletsa limatlafatsi loketse tsoang tikoloho. Ka mohlala, e le 'ngoe-e nang le sele phoofolo euglena tala e na le chromatophores hyaloplasm le chlorophyll.

Ha pokello, ao ho 'ona ho tla aha ho lona euglena, hantle hotetsa, ho fepa ka dimela la, ke hore,. E. Autotrophically ke tala. Ka lebaka la carbon dioxide e tsa maiketsetso tsoekere, e leng ka seleng le sebelisoa e le lijo. euglena tsamaisoa bosiu heterotrophically khomarela dintho manyolo ke enzyme teng ka vacuoles tshilong ya dijo. Kahoo, mixotrophic lisele tse matla, bo-rasaense ba lumela ho fana ka bopaki ba bonngoe ba tšimoloho ea limela le liphoofolo.

kgolo ya sele le kamano ea lona le trophico

Eketsa bolelele, boima, bophahamo ba modumo, joaloka 'mele oohle le makala a eona' me lisele tse bitsoang ho hōla. A ke ke a be le se nang le phepelo e sa khaotseng ea limatlafatsi liseleng eo sebeletsa e le moaho diboloko. Ho fumana karabo ea potso ea kamoo ho ka hola lisele tse seo se etsahala phepo autotrophic, ho ke ho hlokahala hore ho hlakisa hore na ke e 'mele ikemetseng kapa karolo ea mehaho unit trust tsa motho multicellular. Tabeng ea pele, khōlo e tla a etsa nakong ea interphase ea potoloho ea seleng. Ho ka potlako tšebetso metabolism polasetiki etsahala. Matla a phelang heterotrophic correlatively amanang le ho ba teng ha lijo tse tsoang tikolohong kantle. Khōlo ea ka multicellular phelang e hlaha ka lebaka ka Tshebediso ya ya lisele biosynthetic thuto, hammoho le ho ata tsa dithulaganyo anabolic, liphetoho catabolic holimo.

Karolo e Phethoang ke oksijene ka lijo lisele tse heterotrophic

phelang aerobiki: libaktheria tse ling, li-fungus, liphoofolo le batho ba li sebelisa oksijene bakeng sa tshilo ya dijo tse feletseng tsa limatlafatsi tse kang tsoekere ho carbon dioxide le metsi (Krebs potoloho). E hlaha ka popeho mitochondrial nang le enzymatic oona tsamaisong H + -ATP-ase, eo synthesizes sa molek'hule oa ATP tloha ADP. Ka phelang prokaryotic, tse kang libaktheria tse aerobiki le cyanobacteria, oksijene dissimilation mohato le hlaha ka lero la mali lera ea lisele.

Khethehileng phepelo ea diretswe go dira gametes

Ka baeloji ea limolek'hule le matla cytology seleng ea ka ka bokhutšoanyane hlalosoa e le tshebetso o tsoela pele limatlafatsi ho eona, tswakana bona le bokaholimo ba matsoele ya tjhelete e itseng ea matla a mofuta o mong oa ATP limolek'hule. Trophism diretswe go dira gametes: ova le peō ea botona, ho na le litšobotsi tse amanang le khethehileng phahameng tsa mesebetsi ea bona. Sena ke 'nete haholo-holo oa motšehali lisele ho ikatisa, a tlameha ho ipokellela phepelo e khōlō ea limatlafatsi tse ngata, haholo-holo ka sebopeho sa lehe yolk.

Mora peō, le tla li sebelisa ka ho felisa le sebopeho sa embryo ena. The spermatozoa nakong nonofo ya mmele (spermatogenesis) e fumana dintho manyolo ho tloha lisele tse Sertoli, teng ka tubules seminiferous. Ka tsela eo, ka bobeli mefuta diretswe go dira gametes ba le phahameng tshilong ya dijo ka sekhahla, e leng khoneha ka lebaka la motho ea mafolofolo trophic seleng.

Karolo e phethoang ke phepo e nepahetseng matsoai

dithulaganyo metaboliki ha khoneha kantle ho tšubuhlellano ea cations le anions tse etsang letsoai matsoai. Ka mohlala, ho hlokahala hore tala magnesium Ion, bakeng sa tsamaiso ea enzymatic mitochondria - ions potassium le k'halsiamo, ho boloka buffering bokgoni hyaloplasm - ho ba teng ha ions sodium hammoho le carbonate anions acid e. Solutions ya letsoai matsoai kena seleng ke pinocytosis kapa diffusion ka lera seleng. Matsoai phepo tlholeho liseleng bobeli autotrophic le heterotrophic.

Ho akaretsa, re bone hore boleng ba lisele tsa tsona li le matla a maholo e le hantle, ho tloha sena isang sebopeho sa e le lintho tse bonahalang a thepa ea mohaho (lik'habohaedreite, mafura le liprotheine) tsa carbon dioxide ho phelang autotrophic. lisele tse Heterotrophic fepa ka dintho manyolo thehoa e loketseng autotrophs mosebetsi. La sephetho eneji, le ba sebelisa bakeng sa ho ikatisa, khōlo, libaesekopo, 'me dithulaganyo tse ling tsa bohlokoa.