Aldehydes le ketones. The thepa le tswakana tsa metsoako carbonyl

The komponeng manyolo tse nang ka sebopeho lona ea limolek'hule le carbonyl sehlopha sa mofuta o latelang:> C = O, - o ile a bua ka hore ke oxo-metsoako le ba arotsoe ka tse peli tse sephara dihlopha - aldehydes le ketones. Ho ea ka sebōpeho sa radicals hydrocarbon, dintho tsena di classified ka aliphatic, nkhang hamonate le alicyclic. Limolek'hule pele le la bobeli ba tšoauoa ka sehlopha carbonyl eo e amana ka ho toba le benzene lesale kapa ketane lehlakoreng. Aldehydes le ketones le tlamo ea limolek'hule tsa letoto la lihlooho tse nkhang hamonate, e ba le sehlopha se tshebetso ka ketane lehlakoreng li nkoa e le derivatives tsa metsoako aliphatic carbonyl.

aldehydes nkhang hamonate ba tsa maiketsetso ka litsela tse peli tse ka sehloohong: ke kenyelletsa carbonyl sehlopha hore e be benzene lesale tloswa electrophilic le ho sokoloha ha substituents se le teng ka sebopeho sa. Aldehydes le ketones kenyeletsa metsoako tsohle manyolo ke arabelang ka ho fetisisa. Ho feta moo, ka ho ya ka lik'hemik'hale bobeli pele ho feta a sebetsang. Bakeng sa aldehydes tse tloaelehileng haholo ho kena moea itšoara joang, tloswa, molekyler, phaella moo le condensation. Ketones hape u se ke ua tšehetsa molekyler itšoara joang.

Ba lokisetsa ho ea aldehydes nkhang hamonate, haholo-holo benzaldehyde metsoako ke ho kena moea oa hydrocarbon motsoako moea industrially hlahisitseng. liphetoho tse joalo li etsoa ka dimela lik'hemik'hale sebelisa oxides tsa tšepe tse sa tšoaneng, mohlala, vanadium oxide e. Ho feta moo, bakeng sa tswakana tsa aldehyde nkhang hamonate ka sebelisoa mekhoa e sebelisitsoeng ka eona ka ba lokisetsa ho ea metsoako letotong aliphatic.

aldehydes nkhang hamonate tse hlahisoang haholo insoluble ka ea metsi mahareng mokelikeli ka ikhethang utlwala monko oa lialmonde babang. The ka thōko ho feta ho tswa benzene lesale la sehlopha carbonyl, ba na le, le bohale ho fetoha monko bona. Nkhang hamonate aldehydes thepa lik'hemik'hale tse haholo-holo ka tsela e tšoanang, le metsoako e tšoanang aliphatic ka lebaka la tšusumetso e bobeli ea lesale benzene le sehlopha carbonyl, rua itseng thepa itseng tsa lik'hemik'hale le lintho tse khethollang 'meleng. Ka mohlala, ba ka ntle ho tikatiko oxidized ho acid e ea carboxylic lateloa ke phokotso ho alcohols ngollana le hydrocarbons. propionaldehyde A, eo e tsoakane hantle le mefuta e mengata ea solvents manyolo ka ho ba teng ha ho etswa ha loketse e sokolohela acid e propionic le hydrogenation - ka propanol.

Bakeng sa tswakana tsa ketones nkhang hamonate e ka ba mekhoa e ispolzony tse ngata. Ka mohlala, alkaline hydrolysis thulaganyou e geminal dihalides, dehydrogenation, ho kena moea tsa metsoako ngollana mahareng monohydric joala, 'me ba bang. Leha ho le joalo, tsamaiso ea motheo bakeng sa ho lokisetsa metsoako tsena ke acylation tsa metsoako nkhang hamonate. All aldehydes le ketones nang le setsi sa electrophilic, ka ho phethahetseng kopana le nucleophilic reagents letoto lena.

metsoako joalo nkhang hamonate le elektrone-ba phallela ka substituents hape habonolo kena liphetoho acylation. Ketones ea sebopeho sa ea limolek'hule ke mekedikedi kapa-butle le monate monko Kukat, insoluble ka metsi, e leng ho lumella hore ba ho pharaletseng sebelisoa ho indasteri e nkhang hamonate.