Types of lik'hemik'hale

Ka saense ea kajeno khetholla lik'hemik'hale le liphetoho tsa nyutlelie li etsahala ka lebaka la sebelisana ea thepa e qalang, e leng ba bitsoa mahlahana. Sena se hlahisa lintho tse ling tsa lik'hemik'hale e bitswang lihlahisoa. ditshebeditsano tsohle li etsahala tlas'a maemo a itseng (mocheso, khatello, leseli le, mahlaseli a kotsi, ba teng ha ho etswa ha, joalo-joalo). Cores ea lik'hemik'hale ea reactants liathomo ha fetola. The lengths tsa nyutlelie theha nuclei a macha le likaroloana. Ho na le makgetha a ho 'maloa, e leng hlalosa mefuta ea lik'hemik'hale.

u ka nka palo ea lekgetlo la ntlha le thehoa motheong bakeng sa tlhophiso ea lintho. Tabeng ena, mefuta eohle ea lik'hemik'hale tse arotsoe ka lihlopha tse hlano:

1. Katoloso (ba bang ba chenchana ka ho o mocha oa ntho e le 'ngoe), mohlala, li bole kapele ke futhumatsang potassium chlorate potassium chloride le oksijene: KCLO3 → 2KCL + 3O2.
2. Metsoako (tse peli kapa metsoako ho feta ya ho theha e ncha), sebelisana le metsi, oxide e le k'halsiamo e sokolohela hydroxide k'halsiamo: H2O + Cao → Ca (OH) 2;
3. Tloswa (nomoro ya dihlahiswa lekana le palo ea thepa qalang, eo ho eona karolo e ka go engwa legatong tsa karolo e 'ngoe ea ho se seng), tšepe sulfate, koporo, ho tlosa koporo, e bopa e sulfate ferrous: Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + cu.
4. Habeli phapanyetsano (phapanyetsano ea molek'hule dintho tse peli tseo siea likarolo lona), tšepe ka iodide potassium le nitrate le silevera ea e fanana le anions eaba ba etsa le tseko le silevera ea iodide le nitrate kady: Mar. + AgNO3 → Agi ↓ + KNO3.
5. Polymorphous phetoho (phetoho le hlaha ntho ho tloha mofuta o mong ho bonaletsang e mong) iodide, mercury khubelu mmala ha e chesang chenchana ka bosehla mercury iodide: HgI2 (khubelu) ↔ HgI2 (bosehla).

Ha lengths lik'hemik'hale nkoa ka lebaka la liphetoho tse ka reactants tekanyo ea ho kena moea oa thepa ea motheo, ka nako eo mefuta ea lik'hemik'hale ka arotsoe ka lihlopha:

1. Le phetoho ka tekanyo e sa ho kena moea - the redox itšoara joang. Ka mohlala, nahana ka sebelisana le ea tšepe le asiti hydrochloric: Fe + HCL → FeCl2 + H2, fella ka tsela e itseng ea ho kena moea le ea tšepe (a moemeli fokotsa, elektrone ea ba phallela ka) o ile a tloha 0 ho 2, le hydrogen (oxidant amohela dieleketerone) ho tloha ho 1 ho 0 .
2. Ntle le ho fetola tekanyo ea ho kena moea, mohlala, itsoara joang ka tsa sebelisana acid e-botlaaseng ba lethal gene hydrogen le hydroxide sodium: HBr + NaOH → NaBr + H2O, ka lebaka la liphetoho tse joalo ho hlahisa letsoai le metsi, 'me metsoako ho kena moea boemo kenyelelitsoe lintho tse bonahalang tse e tala li-s'o fetohe.

Ha re nahana ka ho equilibrium lik'hemik'hale le tekanyo ea phallo ka pele 'me se mo khutlisetsang bocheng tataiso, mefuta eohle ea lik'hemik'hale ka arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli tse kang:

1. Reversible - tseo tse etsahalang ka nako e litaelo tse peli. Ho fetisisa a itšoare ba reversible. Ka mohlala, ho shoa hoa carbon dioxide e ka metsi ya ho theha e sa tsitsang le k'habone acid e, e leng bola ho thepa ho qala: H2O + CO2 ↔ H2CO3.
2. Etsolloa - phalla feela ka tsela e pele ka mor'a tshebediso feletseng tsa thepa qalang a phethoa, ka mor'a moo dihlahiswa ba le teng 'me feela ka lintho tse bonahalang qalang, e entsweng ka feteletseng. Ka tloaelo ho, e mong oa lihlahisoa ke ka le tseko insoluble ntho tseko kapa khase. Ka mohlala, ke itšoara acid e sulfuric le barium chloride: H2SO4 + BaCl2 + → BaSO4 ↓ + 2HCl e tseko insoluble barium sulfate.

Types of lik'hemik'hale ka k'hemistri manyolo ka arotsoe ka lihlopha tse 'nè:

1. Tloswa (Phetolo ya e mong hlaha ka liathomo, kapa lihlopha tsa liathomo ka tse ling), ho etsa mohlala ka ho itšoara joang le sodium hydroxide chloroethane thehoa ethanol le sodium chloride: C2H5Cl + NaOH → C2H5OH + NaCl, i.e. ka chloride le athomo ka go engwa legatong ke athomo hydrogen.
2. Kamohelo (limolek'hule tse peli itšoara joang le mofuta o le mong), ho etsa mohlala, bromine khomaretse ka khefu ea tlamo e habeli ka ethylene molek'hule: Br2 + CH2 = CH2 → BrCH2-CH2Br.
3. Bokaholimo ba matsoele (molek'hule e petsoha ka limolek'hule tse peli kapa ho feta), ho etsa mohlala, tlas'a maemo a itseng, bola ho ethylene ethanol le metsi: C2H5OH → CH2 = CH2 + H2O.
4. Rearrangement (isomerization ha molek'hule e 'ngoe e sokolohela mong, empa ya boleng le ditirisanommogo sebopeho e-s'o fetohe liathomo ho eona), mohlala, 3-hloruten-1 (C4H7CL) e fetoloa 1-chlorobutyl 2 (C4H7CL). Mona chloride athomo fetisoa ho tloha ho ea boraro har'a carbon athomo ka hydrocarbon ketane ho oa pele, 'me maqhama a habeli ikopanya pele le la bobeli k'habone liathomo,' me joale ba bobeli le la boraro o tlohang liathomo.

Ho na le mefuta e meng ea lik'hemik'hale:

1. Ke phello ea eona mogote: liphetoho etsahalang ka absorption (endothermic) kapa lokolloa ha mocheso (exothermic).
2. Ke mofuta oa ho kopana reactants kapa dihlahiswa tsa thehoa. Sebelisana ka metsi - hydrolysis le hydrogen - hydrogenation, le oksijene - ho kena moea kapa bo tukang. Bokaholimo ba matsoele metsi - dehydration, hydrogen - dehydrogenation joalo joalo.
3. Tlas'a ditshebeditsano: ka ho ba teng ha ho etswa ha (catalytic) tlas'a mocheso tlaase kapa phahameng, ho fetola khatello ea, leseling le joalo-joalo.
4. Ka mochine oa itšoara joang: ionic, tse khōlō ketane kapa liphetoho ketane.