Thepa ya moaho wa hydrogen. Properties le ho sebelisoa ha haedrojene

Haedrojene H - lik'hemik'hale elements, e mong oa atileng ka ho fetisisa ka bokahohle ba rōna. boima ba hydrogen e le karolo ea ho hlophisoa ha taba e 75% ya dikahare kakaretso ea liathomo tsa mofuta o mong. O kena ka mabapi bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa le ea bohlokoa ho lefatše - metsi. A tšobotsi e khethehileng ea hydrogen e boetse ke e le hantle hore ke eena elements pele ka tafole nako le nako tsa likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale D. I. Mendeleeva.

Sibolloa le ho etsa lipatlisiso

Ha ho buuoa ka lekhetlo la pele ba hydrogen ka har'a lingoliloeng tsa letsatsi Paracelsus khutlela lekholong la botshelela. Empa ho itšehla thajana lona tswa khase motsoako oa moea le thepa chang ho etsa lipatlisiso e entsoe ka supileng bo-rasaense ba lekholong la lilemo la Lemaire. Haedrojene ho feletseng o ile a ithuta Senyesemane setsebi sa k'hemistri le fisiks rasaense Henry Cavendish, eo empirically bontšitse hore le boima ba haedrojene tlaase-tlaase ha a bapisoa le likhase tse ling. Ka mekhahlelo hamorao tsa tsoelo-pele ea saense,-rasaense ba bangata ba ile ba sebetsa le eena, tse kang Lavoisier, ea ileng a bitsa "generated metsi."

Feature ka boemo PSKHE

Elements, ho bula nako le nako tafole D. I. Mendeleeva - ke hydrogen. 'Meleng le lik'hemik'hale thepa ea athomo e bontša duality itseng hobane haedrojene ka nako ho matleng a sehlopha sa pele, e lesikeng khōlō, ha ho itshwara ka tšepe le fana elektrone le' ngoe mosebetsing oa ho ea lik'hemik'hale itšoara joang le ea bosupa - tabeng ea ka ho feletseng tlala valence khetla, i.e. tsa mokete likaroloana mpe, tse tšoaeang e le tšoanang le halogen ka.

Features ya sebopeho sa ea elektronike tsa elements ea

The thepa ea ho athomo hydrogen ya dintho rarahaneng eo e ne e akarelletsa le e bonolo boleng ba sebele ba N ₂ e haholo-holo e behilweng ke phetolo ea elektronike ea haedrojene. The phatsa e na le elektrone le Z = (it-1), eo a dikologela ka orbit lona ho pota motheo e nang le proton e le 'ngoe le boima unit trust mme qoso positive, (+1). elektroniki phetolo lona 1s tlalehiloeng ka ^{1 ka} eona ^e bontšang ho ba teng ha ka phatsa mpe ka boeona bakeng sa pele le feela ya haedrojene s-orbitals.

Ha ho itšehla thajana kapa monahano o le elektrone e le athomo ea elements o na le thepa eo e kopanyang le tšepe fumana ealogy. Ha e le hantle hydrogen Ion - e-positive mathomo phatsa. Ka lebaka leo, elektrone bosula le bo sa haedrojene bitsoa mpa feela e le proton e.

thepa 'meleng

Ha ho hlalosa ba thepa 'meleng hydrogen ka bokhutšoanyane, ho ke colorless, ka mokhoa o lekanyelitsoeng qhibilihang ka har'a khase le athomo boima bo lekanyelitsoeng ba 2, linako tse 14,5 bobebe ho feta moea, ho liquefaction mocheso oa likhato -252,8 Centigrade.

Ka teko le, o ka habonolo bona hore H ₂ ke bobebe. Ho lekaneng ho tlatsa libolo tse tharo dintho tse fapa-fapaneng - hydrogen, carbon dioxide, ka tloaelo ho moea - le ka nako lokolla matsohong a ka. The lebelo ka ho fetisisa o fihlang fatše, e leng e tletse CO ₂ mora marotholi akhotsoang moea motsoako se se akaretsang H ₂ 'me kaofela ba phahama ho siling.

A boima tse nyenyane le tse boholo ba likaroloana hydrogen lokafatsa matla a ho phunyeletse ka thepa e sa tšoaneng. Ka mohlala oa bolo tšoanang ena bonolo ho etsa matsatsi a seng makae ka mor'a hore a deflates e se feela ho khase o tla feta ka rabara e. Hape, hydrogen ka ipokellela ka sebōpeho sa tšepe itseng (Palladium kapa polatinamo), 'me ha mocheso o tsosoa ho mouoane ho tswa ho eona.

Thepa hydrogen ka mokhoa o lekanyelitsoeng sebelisoa ka laboratoring ea ho itšehla thajana mokhoa lona leleke metsi. thepa ya moaho wa hydrogen (tafole ho bontšitsoe ka tlase e na le entsprechen mantlha) hlalosa pharalla lona ya kopo le mekhoa ea ho lokisetsa.

Sebopeho isotopic

Joaloka litho tse ling tse ngata tsa tsamaiso ea nako le nako tsa likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale, hydrogen e na le isotopes 'maloa tsa tlhaho, i.e. liathomo le palo e tšoanang ea protons ka khubung ea, empa linomoro e fapaneng ya neutron - likaroloana le lefela le unit trust qoso boima. Mehlala ea liathomo le thepa tshwanang - oksijene, carbon, chloride, bromine le joaloka, ho akarelletsa le ntšang mahlaseli a kotsi.

thepa ya moaho wa hydrogen ¹ H, le atile ho fetisisa tsa baemeli ba sehlopha sena ba fapane haholo ho ba ea litšobotsi tsa metsoalle ea sona. Ka ho khetheha, likarolo tse sa tšoaneng tsa dintho tseo ba e matleng a hae. Kahoo, ho na le ke kamehla le deuterated metsi e nang le ka sebopeho lona ho e-na le athomo hydrogen le 'ngoe feela le proton deuterium ² H - isotope le likaroloana tse peli tsa motheo: ntle' me uncharged. isotope Sena ke makhetlo a mabeli a boima ho feta e tloaelehileng ea haedrojene, e hlalosang phapang motheo ka thepa ea metsoako le eo ba neng ba theha. Mofuta wa deuterium e fumanoang ka makhetlo a 3200 fumanehe ka seoelo joaloka hydrogen. Boraro Moemedi - tritium, ³ H, ka liboto le e na le tse peli tse le proton le neutron ngoe.

Mekhoa bakeng sa ho lokisetsa le ho itšehla

Laboratori ea le mekhoa liindasteri ho hlahisa haedrojene e fapane haholo. Kahoo, tse nyenyane tsa khase e hlahisitseng haholo-holo ke liphetoho tse amang liminerale, le tlhahiso ea khōlō ea ho eketsehileng ho sebelisa tswakana manyolo.

Latelang lik'hemik'hale tse sebelisoang ka laboratoring:

1. Liphetoho tsa tšepe alkali le alkaline lefatše ka metsi ya ho theha a alkali le khase batlang.
2. The electrolysis ya ea metsi electrolyte tharollo ka anode o lokolloa H ₂ ↑, le cathode - oksijene.
3. Li bole kapele hydrides tsa tšepe a alkali ka metsi, a alkali le lihlahisoa ho ba, ka ho latellana, ka khase H ₂ ↑.
4. Itšoara acid e hlapolla le tšepe ho theha letsoai le H ₂ ↑.
5. Ketso ea a alkali ka silicon e na, aluminium le zinki e boetse e thusa ho lokolloa ha haedrojene ho e tšoanang le ea ho theha letsoai rarahaneng.

Ka liindasteri tla rua molemo ha khase fumanoa ka dithekeniki tse kang:

1. Thermal li bole kapele 'ea methane e ka ho ba teng ha ka sethothetsi ho dintho lona constituent mathomo (likhato 350 fihla boleng ba paramethara kang mocheso) - hydrogen H ₂ le carbon C. ↑
2. Phetiso ea mouoane ea metsi ka Coke ka 1000 ° C ho theha carbon dioxide e CO ₂ le H ₂ ↑ (mokhoa o tloaelehileng haholo).
3. Tšokoloho ea methane e khase ka sethothetsi le nikele ka thempereichara e ho fihlela ho likhato tse 800.
4. Haedrojene ke byproduct nakong ea electrolysis tsa ditharollo ea metsi ya chloride potassium kapa sodium.

Lik'hemik'hale ditshebeditsano: litokisetso kakaretso

thepa ya moaho wa hydrogen haholo ho hlalosa boitšoaro ba lona ka dithulaganyo ka karabelo le motsoako o itseng. Valency ea hydrogen e 1, ho tloha ho e teng ka tafole nako le nako ka sehlopha sa pele, 'me hlahisa' boemo ho kena moea fapaneng. Ka metsoako tsohle, ntle le hydrides, bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb hydrogen = (1+) ka limolek'hule tsa mofuta CNs, CN _2, CN ₃ - (1).

A molek'hule ea khase hydrogen, thehoa ka ho fana ka generalized para elektrone, entsoe ka liathomo tse peli le ka toka tsitsitseng energetically, ka lebaka lena tlas'a maemo a tlwaelehileng feta inert ka itšoara joang le kena ka ho tloaelehile phetoho maemo. Ho itšetlehile ka tekanyo e sa ho kena moea tsa hydrogen e le lintho tse ling, e ka sebeletsa e le oxidant le reductant.

Dintho tseo itšoara joang ho theha hydrogen le

sebelisana Elemental ho etsa lintho tse e rarahaneng (hangata thempereichara e phahameng):

1. The alkali le alkaline lefatše tšepe + H = hydride.
2. Halogen + H ₂ = sulphonate hydrogen.
3. Sebabole + = sulfide hydrogen.
4. Oksijene + _H2O = metsi.
5. K'habone + H = methane e.
6. Naetrojene + H ₂ = ammonia.

Sebelisana le dintho rarahaneng:

1. Ba lokisetsa ho ea tswakana khase ho tloha carbon monoxide le hydrogen.
2. Hlaphoheloa ea tšepe e tsoang oxides bona le H _2.
3. Haedrojene ho tlala ea hydrocarbons unsaturated aliphatic.

tlamo e hydrogen

thepa ya moaho wa hydrogen li joalo hore e lumella hore e, ho mabapi le e elements electronegative, ya ho theha mofuta o khethehileng oa mabapi le athomo e tšoanang ea limolek'hule le haufi le unshared elektrone lipara (mohlala, oksijene, naetrojene le fluorine). Mohlala clearest ea hore ke molemo look at ketsahalo ena - e metsi. E ka o ile a re rokoa litlamo hydrogen li fokola ho feta covalent kapa ionic, empa ka ntlha ya go ha e le hantle hore ba bangata ba bona ba le tšusumetso e bohlokoa ka thepa ya dintho. Ha e le hantle, maqhama ana a hydrogen - ke sebelisana electrostatic, hore tlama metsi limolek'hule ka dimers le polymers, le leke lona belang ntlha phahameng.

Haedrojene ka ho hlophisoa ha metsoako matsoai

Sebopeho sa acid inorganic kenyeletsa le proton - ealogy athomo tse kang hydrogen. Ntho acid e masalla e nang le tekanyo ea ho kena moea bo boholo ho feta (it-1) Ho boleloa polybasic komponeng. Hona joale ho na le liathomo tse 'maloa hydrogen, e leng se etsang ho dissociation multistage ka ditharollo ea metsi. E mong le e ileng ea latela proton e acid e masalla a arola tloha boima le ho feta. Ho quantify le dikahare hydrogen tikolohong e laolwang ke acidity lona.

Hydrogen e na le lihlopha hydroxyl le makalana. Di amanang le athomo hydrogen oksijene, ho fellang ka tekanyo e sa ho kena moea oa masalla a alkali kamehla lekana le (it-1). Ka diteng tsa lihlopha hydroxyl ka tikolohong e hlalosoa ke basicity lona.

Tšebeliso ea lintho tseo batho ba

Diselennere le ntho e itseng, hammoho le linkho le likhase tse ling tse liquefied kang oksijene, ho ba le ponahalo ea itseng. Ba penta e darkish-tala mmala le e bofubelu bo khanyang "haedrojene" lettering. Khase e tshelwa ka balune ea ka khatello ea ka bang 150 atmospheres. thepa ya moaho wa hydrogen, ka ho khetheha boiketlo ba gaseous boemo aggregate le e sebediswa bakeng sa ho tlatsa ba le motsoako oa libalune tse kang helium, bothata bo kae libalune, joalo-joalo

Haedrojene, e thepa 'meleng le lik'hemik'hale tseo batho ba ithutile ho sebelisa lilemo tse ngata tse fetileng, ka nako eo ho akarelletsa le liindasteri tse ngata. boima ba sona ka sehloohong ea ho tlhahiso ea ammonia. Hape hydrogen ho akarelletsa ho hlahisoa ha tšepe (hafnium, germanium, gallium, ka silicon, molybdenum, tungsten, zirconium, 'me batho ba bang) ya oxides, ho bua ka ho ba itšoara joang ka moemeli fokotsa le letsoai ea acid e hydrocyanic, joala, methyl, le hape a maiketsetso a mafura mokelikeli. Indasteri ea lijo e sebelisa ho sokolla oli ea limela ka mafura tiileng.

Hlalosoa thepa lik'hemik'hale le ho sebelisa hydrogen ka dithulaganyo tse fapa-fapaneng hydrogenation le hydrogenation ea mafura, mashala, hydrocarbons, oli le oli boima mafura. Le mo hlahisa mahakoe, litleloubu, qeta betloa ha le tjheseletsa tsa lihlahisoa tsa tšepe le tlas'a tšusumetso ea lelakabe oksijene-hydrogen.