The thepa lik'hemik'hale ea ethylene glycol, bath. Dihydric joala. ethers ea ethylene glycol

Ka ho fetisisa tsejoa le ho sebelisoa bophelong ba batho le lintho liindasteri tsa dihlopha tsa polyols - ke ethylene glycol le glycerol. thuto ea bona le ho sebedisa o ile a qala lilemo tse makholo a 'maloa tse fetileng, empa thepa ea tsena metsoako manyolo ka litsela tse ngata buka e ikhethang le o ikhethang tse etsang hore e bohlokoa haholo ho fihlela letsatsing lena. The polyols sebelisoa ka tse ngata tsa lik'hemik'hale syntheses, liindasteri le libakeng tsa tšebetso ea batho.

Pele "motsoalle" le ethylene glycol le glycerol: Pale ea rasiti

Ka selemo sa 1859 ho, ka mohato tse peli thulaganyou e dibromoethane sebelisana le ea acetate silevera le kalafo morago ga moo e le hydroxide potassium fumana ka itšoara joang pele ea ethylene glycol, Sharl Vyurts pele tsa maiketsetso glycol. Hamorao, re qapa mokhoa oa ho toba hydrolysis dibromoethane, empa o pharalletse indasteri ka mathoasong a lekholo la mashome a mabeli dihydric joala 1,2-dihydroxy ethane a - monoethylene glycol, kapa glycol, fumanoa ka ho hydrolysis ea ethylene United States.

Ho fihlela joale, ka bobeli ho indasteri le ka laboratoring ea sebelisoa maloa ba le mekhoa e meng, e ncha le e sebetsang hantle haholoanyane le lihlahisoa tse tala le lintlha eneji, le maikutlo, 'me le botsoalle tikoloho kaha tšebeliso ea reagents nang kapa lokolla chloride, chefo, carcinogens,' me tse ling tse kotsi tikoloho le batho ntho e fokotsehile ka tsoelo-pele ea k'hemistri "e tala".

Pharmacist Carl Vilgelmom Sheele ka 1779 glycerol ile tutuboloha, 'me sebopeho itseng tsa metsoako e ile a ithuta ka 1836 el Teofil Zhul Peluso. lilemong tse mashome a mabeli hamorao ho ile ha fumanoa ho tsoa le motheo o tiileng sebopeho limolek'hule joala triatomic ka har'a lingoliloeng tsa Pierre Eugène Marseleya Berthelot le Charles Wurtz. Qetellong, esita le mashome a mabeli ka mor'a Sharl Fridel lilemo o ne a tswakana kakaretso ea glycerol. Jwale, indasteri e sebelisa mekhoa e tse peli bakeng sa ba lokisetsa ho lona: ka allyl chloride tloha propylene le ka tsela acrolein. thepa lik'hemik'hale etilengilikolya ka glycerin ho pharaletseng sebediswa masimong tse sa tšoaneng tsa tlhahiso ea lik'hemik'hale.

Sebopeho le motsoako oa sebopeho

Ka liboto tsa molek'hule e ethylene unsaturated hydrocarbon masapo, e bopilweng ka liathomo tse peli k'habone oo tlamo habeli ruptured. Ka a pepeselitsoe sebaka valence ka liathomo k'habone ikopanya le lihlopha tse peli tse hydroxyl. Ethylene moralo - C ₂ H _4, mora otlile cranes mabapi le kamano ya lihlopha hydroxyl (ka mekhahlelo multiple), ho bonahala joaloka C ₂ H ₄ (OH) _2. Sena ke ethylene glycol.

ethylene molek'hule tšoauoa ka mohaho guttate, ha joala dihydric na le itseng tšoana ranole konfigurtsii ka bewa ga lihlopha hydroxyl mabapi le carbon mokokotlo le mong ho e mong (ka botlalo sebelisa poleloana e reng ho mong ka eena boemong ba ho tlamahano multiple). dislocation joalo e tšoana le sebaka sa mahaeng sa hydrogens tsa lihlopha tsa tshebetso, matla ka tlaase, 'me ka hona - palo e kahodimodimo oona tsamaisong botsitso. Ka mantsoe a mang, e mong OH-sehlopha "shebahala" Ema, 'me e mong - tlase. Ka nako e tšoanang ha boa tsitsa komponeng le lihlopha tse peli tse hydroxyl: le e 'ngoe har'a carbon athomo ho theha e motsoako itšoara joang, kapele-pele ba monya metsi mmeleng wa, ea fetang ka aldehydes.

tlhophiso setho

Lik'hemik'hale thepa ea ethylene glycol e laolwang ke simolohile ho tloha sehlopheng sa entsoeng ka alcohols polyhydric, e leng subgroups diols, i.e. metsoako le moieties pedi hydroxyl ka liathomo haufi k'habone. Ntho, hape e na le libaka tse 'maloa OH-substituents,' me ke glycerin. O na le tse tharo joala tshebetso sehlopha, 'me ke moemeli o tloaelehileng haholo oa sehlotshwana lona.

metsoako tse ngata tsa sehlopha sena li boetse li lokisetsa le sebelisoa indastering lik'hemik'hale ka syntheses tse sa tšoaneng le merero e meng, empa ho sebelisa ethylene glycol na ka tekanyo e tebileng 'me ba ameha ho hoo e batlang e le liindasteri kaofela. Sena se tla tšohloa ka ho qaqileng haholoanyane tlase.

tobileng 'meleng

Tšebeliso ea ethylene glycol ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha ba bang ba thepa ea tse sa tlholeho ka alcohols polyhydric. Sena makgetheng ikhethang o ikhethang oa ho sehlopha sena sa metsoako manyolo.

The thepa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa - ke se nang moeli miscibility le H ₂ O. Metsi + ethylene glycol fana ka tharollo ea ka tšobotsi buka e ikhethang: thempereichara ntlha lona leqhoa, ho itšetlehile ka ea mahloriso ya diol ka tlase likhato tse 70, ho feta distillate e hloekileng. Ho bohlokwa ho ela hloko hore ho itšetleha ena bao e seng guttate, 'me a fihla le e itseng ditirisanommogo glycol qala ea baka mathata - la mocheso leqhoa e ile ea eketseha ka eketsa peresente ya solute ena. Tsobotsi ena e se e sebelisoa ho hlahisa sephalli e sa tšoaneng antifreeze "nezamerzaek" eo crystallize ka tlaase ka ho fetisisa le litšobotsi tse mogote ea tikoloho.

Ntle le ka metsing, tshebetso shoa hoa nka sebaka ka ho phethahetseng ka joala le monohalogen acetone, empa e sa hlokomela ka parafini, benzene, phenylate le tetrachloride k'habone. Ka lehlakoreng le leng ho moholo-holo oa aliphatic lona - e le ntho gaseous kang ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol - ke syrupy, translucent, ka tinge hanyenyane ea mokelikeli mosehla, sweetish tatso, le monko o uncharacteristic, hoo e batlang e nonvolatile. Leqhoa le hlaha ho e 'ngoe e etsang liphesente tse lekholo ethylene glycol - likhato 12,6 Celsius le belisoe - ka 197,8. Tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng, ho segokanyipalo ke 1,11 g, / cm, ^3.

mekhoa ea ho lokisetsa

Ethylene glycol ka fumanoa ka litsela tse ngata, tse ling tsa tsona kajeno na tsa histori kapa preparative feela boleng, 'me tse ling tse sebelisoang haholo ke monna o pharalletse liindasteri, eseng feela. Latelang e le hore ka tatellano ea liketsahalo, a re hlahlobeng bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa.

E se e bile mokhoa pele bakeng sa ba lokisetsa ho ea ethylene glycol tloha dibromoethane ne a hlalosoa. Moralo ethylene habeli tlamo e robehile, 'me e sa lefelloeng valence ba lula halogens, - ka sehloohong tshimololang lintho tse bonahalang e itsoara joang ka sena - ho phaella ho k'habone le hydrogen ka sebopeho lona na liathomo bromine tse peli. Sebopeho sa komponeng lipakeng ka pele thulaganyou e mohato ka etsahala hobane feela ba bokaholimo ba matsoele bona, ke hore,. E. Phetolo ya lihlopha ea acetate hore ba sokoloha ke hydrolysis eketsehileng joala.

Nakong ea ntshetsopele tse ling tsa saense ea ho se ho khoneha ho hlahisa ethylene glycol ke hydrolysis e tobileng ea ethanes efe kapa efe ka go engwa legatong le halogens tse peli ka liathomo haufi k'habone, ka tharollo ea metsi ya carbonates a alkali tšepe kapa sehlopha (ka tlaase ho moo ba botsoalle tikoloho reagent) H ₂ O le dioxide e pele. Itsoara joang ho ena le "boima" le hlaha ka e phahameng feela ka haholo thempereichara e le likhatello, empa sena ha sea ka sa thibela Majeremane linakong lintoa lefatšeng sebelisa mokhoa ona bakeng sa tlhahiso ea ethylene ka tekanyo e liindasteri.

karolo ea lona ka ho sebopeho sa k'hemistri manyolo e bapala le mokhoa oa ho ba lokisetsa ho ea ethylene glycol ke hydrolysis mashala a alkali letsoai tšepe oa sehlopha seo. Ke eketsa mocheso itsoara joang ho likhato 170 ka lihlahisoa ea fihla 90%. Empa ho na le e ne e le drawback bohlokoa - glycol e ne ka tsela e itseng tlosoa tharollo letsoai, e leng ka ho toba e amanang le 'maloa ba le mathata. Bo-rasaense ba rarolotse bothata bona ka ho tsoelang pele mokhoa ka ho qala lintho tse bonahalang e tšoanang, empa ka ho tlōla tshebetso ka mekhahlelo e 'meli.

Hydrolysis etilenglikolatsetatov, ho ba sethaleng e qetellang ea mokhoa oa pele Wurtz, e ile ea ka tsela e 'ngoe, ha a khona ho fumana feedstock ho kena moea oa ethylene ho acid e acetic ke oksijene, i.e. ntle le ho sebelisa e theko e boima' me a sa se nang kotsi halogen metsoako.

Ho e boetse e tsejoa mekhoa e mengata ea tlhahiso ea ethylene ke ho kena moea oa hydroperoxides ethylene, peroxides, manyolo peracids ka ho ba teng ha ho etswa ha (osmium metsoako), chlorate potassium , 'me ba bang. Ho boetse ho na sa electro-lik'hemik'hale le mahlaseli mekhoa.

Litšobotsi tse neng li tloaelehile thepa lik'hemik'hale

The thepa lik'hemik'hale ea ethylene glycol e laolwang ke lihlopha tsa lona tsa tshebetso. liphetoho ho ka nka karolo e 'ngoe hydroxyl substituent, kapa ka bobeli, ho itšetlehile ka maemo a tshebetso. Phapang sehloohong reactivity ke hore ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha ka ho noa joala polyhydric ka hydroxyls 'maloa le tšusumetso tseo ba li entseng hlaha matla ho asiti thepa feta monovalent "basebetsi-'moho". Ka hona, le itšoare ka le matsoai a alkali ea lihlahisoa tse (glycol - glycolates, bakeng sa glycerin - glycerate).

The thepa lik'hemik'hale ea ethylene glycol hammoho le glycerol, ba itsoara joang ka tsa alcohols akarelletsa ho dihlopha tsohle tsa monohydric. Glycol fana esters feletseng le a leeme ka liphetoho le acid monobasic, glycolates, ka ho latellana, ba thehoa le tšepe alkali le le tshebetso tsa lik'hemik'hale le acid matla kapa letsoai lona lokolloa aldehyde acetic acid e - ka lebaka la ho bokaholimo ba matsoele ea limolek'hule tswa athomo hydrogen.

Itšoare ka tšepe a sebetsang a

itšoara ethylene glycol ka tšepe a sebetsang a (ea emeng hydrogen mora 'maloa matla lik'hemik'hale) ka thempereichara e phahameng fana ka e lekanang ethylene glycolate tšepe mmoho hydrogen e lokolloa.

C ₂ H ₄ (OH) ₂ + X → C ₂ H ₄ O ₂ X, moo X - a sebetsang a bivalent tšepe.

Ya boleng itsoara joang ho ethylene glycol

joala Polyhydric khetholla ho tloha mokelikeli leha e le efe e ka ba ka tsela ea ditshwantsho tse ka karabelo bath feela sehlopha sa ena ea metsoako. Ho finyella sena, colorless tharollo e tšela joala-tseko hydroxide tsa koporo (2) ho ba le tšobotsi e putsoa tinge. Ka itšoara joang ea likarolo ho e tsoakiloeng e hlokometse precipitate shoa hoa 'me staining tharollo ka ba phelelang ho mmala putsoa - ka lebaka la ho sebopeho sa glycolate koporo (2).

molekyler

Lik'hemik'hale thepa ea ethylene glycol ke tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hlahisa solvents. Intermolecular dehydration ba a re ntho, i.e. ho felisoa ha metsi ho tswa ho e mong le e ba limolek'hule tse peli tsa glycol ebe kopantseng (mong hydroxyl sehlopha e arola theoha ka ho feletseng, empa ka tse ling fetela feela hydrogen), e fana ka monyetla oa ho fumana e ikhethang manyolo solvent - dioxane, e atisa ho sebelisoa ka k'hemistri manyolo, ho sa tsotellehe toxicity lona phahameng.

Phapanyetsano ya hydroxyl ke halogen ka

Ha ba itšoara joang ea ethylene glycol le sulphonate acid e hlokometse Phetolo ya lihlopha hydroxyl ngollana halogen. Tekanyo ea ho tloswa ho itšetlehile ka ea mahloriso molare tsa sulphonate hydrogen ka motsoako itšoara joang:

HO-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -OH → 2NH + X-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -X, moo X - chloro kapa ke bromo.

The Ester

Ka liphetoho la ethylene le asiti nitric (ba ka hlaloswang mahloriso) le monobasic manyolo acid (formic, acetic, propionic, carnival, valeric le sa t. D.) The sebopeho sa e rarahaneng 'me, ka lebaka leo, monoethers. Bakeng sa concentrations tse ling tsa acid e nitric - di- le trinitroefirov glycol. acid e le sulfuric e sebediswa e le sethothetsi ea mahloriso esale pele.

The derivatives bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ethylene glycol

dintho tsa bohlokoa, tse ka fumanehang ho tswa alcohols polyhydric ke e bonolo lik'hemik'hale (joalokaha ho hlalositsoe ka holimo), ba ethers ea ethylene glycol. E leng monomethyl le monoethyl moralo eo - HO-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -O-CH ₃ le HO-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -O-C ₂ H _5, ka ho latellana. Ho ea ka thepa lik'hemik'hale ba ngata joaloka glycols, empa, feela joaloka sehlopha sa tse ling tse leha e le efe ya metsoako eo na le makgetha a ho buka e ikhethang reactionary, tlholeho feela:

• Monometiletilenglikol ke mokelikeli ntle 'mala, empa le khethollang monko o nyonyehang, taba likhato 124,6 Celsius, hantle dissolving ka ethanol' me tse ling tse solvents manyolo le metsi haholo ho hloka botsitso ho feta glycol, le segokanyipalo sa e ka tlaase ho eo ea metsi (ka 0,965 g, / cm, ^3).
• Dimetiletilenglikol - hape mokelikeli, empa le ka tlaase ho moo monko bath, segokanyipalo 0,935 g, / cm, ^3, a phehile ntlha likhato 134 ka holimo ho noto le solubility, mong ka ho homologue fetileng.

Kopo cellosolve - jwalo ka kakaretso a bitsoa mono, ethylene glycol - ho tloaelehile haholo. Di sebelisoa e le reactants le solvents ka tswakana manyolo. Hape a sebetsa ho bona thepa 'meleng bakeng sa-ba khahlanong le ts'enyeho le anticrystallization additives ka antifreeze le oli tsa likoloi.

Boholo le ditheko letotong sa hlahisoeng ha

Litsenyehelo tsa ho ba le lifeme le likhoebo kopanela ka tlhahiso le thekiso ya dikhemikhale joalo, ranges ho tloha e leng karolelano ea tse ka bang 100 li-ruble ka kilogerama ea metsoako joalo lik'hemik'hale tse kang ethylene glycol. Theko itšetlehile ka bohloeki ba ntho le maximizing le peresente ya sehlahisoa batlang.

Tšebeliso ea ethylene glycol ha e felle feela sebakeng leha e le efe e 'ngoe. Kahoo, e le lintho tse bonahalang tse e tala e sebelisoa ka ho hlahisa solvents manyolo, halogenated maiketsetso le likhoele, sephalli, freezing ka thempereichara e tlaase. O ho akarelletsa le liindasteri tse ngata tse kang likoloi, Aerospace, meriana, motlakase, letlalo, koae. Ke keng ba latoloa boima ba bohlokoa tsa lona tsa tswakana manyolo.

Ho bohlokwa ho hopola hore glycol - ka motsoako tse chefo e ka baka kotsi irreparable ho tsa bophelo bo botle ba batho. Ka hona, ho e bolokwa ka lik'hontheinara tiisitsoe entsoe ka aluminium kapa tšepe le boikhethelo lera ka hare ho sireletsa tanka tloha ts'enyeho, feela maemong paatsepama le libakeng tse e sa ho fanweng ka tsamaiso ea ho futhumatsa, empa le ventilation molemo. Poleloana e reng - ha ho feta lilemo tse hlano.