Skeleton ea leoto e ka holimo. ka holimo leoto ya marapo mosebetsi

Nakong ea ho iphetola ha lintho tsa batho maoto le matsoho masapo undergone liphetoho tse khōlō. Kahoo, maoto, e etsang, le netefatsa sa ho boloka 'mele o ka boemo ba lokileng le ho tšehetsa mosebetsi oa ho mokhatlo oa,' me matsoho a hae a ba liletsa tsa mosebetsi o boima. Ka mor'a moo, nahana ka tse ngata masapo ea leoto e ka holimo: sebopeho sa le mesebetsi eo e etsa.

Overview

Masapo a ka holimo leoto batho ka mokhoa oa ho phylogeny fumanweng tsamaiso haholo. Ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha clavicle, e leng e fana ka mabapi tsa masapo a matsoho le 'mele, batho ba ka phetha mekhatlo e pharaletseng haholo. Ho feta moo, boemo ba leholimo e ne e akarelletsa ho lokoloha ka holimo masapo leoto na le e kopanetsoeng e etsoang ka mechine le mong ho e mong. Sena ke 'nete haholo-holo bakeng sa sebakeng sa letsoho le forearm. Ya marapo mosebetsi oa maoto le matsoho e ka holimo ke a pharaletseng a lekana. Matsoho ikamahanya le mefuta e rarahaneng ea mosebetsi. Ka lebaka la palo e kholo ea masapo a ka le manonyeletso, menoana ea ka a etsa tshebetso e fapaneng ho tloha ngolla mekgwa kopano efe kapa efe. Foot, a sebetsa ha 'mele mokhatlo oa le tšehetso' mele le sebaka, ho akarelletsa ho lesapo ho feta e meholohali le e teteaneng. tsamaiso bona mabapi le e mong le e 'ngoe e ka tlase ea bohlokoa. Skeleton ea maoto le matsoho e ka holimo ka tlaase le e e entsoeng ka leano kakaretso. Ho akarelletsa likarolo tse peli.

e ka holimo pheletsong ea masapo le: masapo a lebanta la

Karolo ena e kenyeletsa:

• Scapula. E fanoa ka mokgwa wa e likhutlo li tharo a bataletseng masapo. tharo bohale e emela ka lehare. Ka ho khetheha, ho na le lateral, medial le e ka holimo karolo ya. Hape ho na le tse tharo lehare angle. One - tlaase, ea bobeli - medial, 'me ea boraro - ka lateral, ka ho latellana. Lehare le ke le haufi le lehlakoreng ka morao ea sefuba. Ho e teng sebakeng pakeng tsa II-VII likhopo. Ka karolo e se teng glenoid cavity. E e sebelisoa ho hokela collarbone ena. Ka morao holim 'a lekhasi le ho talingoa protrusion. Ho e teng ka mahlakoreng. protrusion Sena ke awn vane aroloa supraspinatus le infraspinatus fossa.
• Collarbone. E fanoa ka mokgwa wa e S-e bōpehileng joaloka masapo tubular. Ho eona ho na le tse peli tse qetellong - ka mahetla (acromion) le breastbone, 'me' mele. Clavicle ke elements feela eo ka eona masapo a leoto ka holimo e amana le batho sebopeho 'mele masapo. Sternal qetellong ea karolo ahlame. O articulates le mofeng oa sternum ena. Flat qetellong ka mahetla e amana ho lehare le ka mahetla.

Karolo ea bobeli

Ho masapo ea leoto e ka holimo e na le letsoho, forearm le mahetla elements. Karolo ea ho qetela e emeloang ke lesapo mong - humerus. The borashe akarelletsa monoana leqheka, metacarpus le letsohong. The forearm khetholla pakeng tsa likarolo tse peli. Ho bontša ho ulna le radius.

humerus

E fanoa ka mokgwa wa setho telele tubular. Ka khetholla lesapo diaphysis ( 'mele) 2 le epiphysis (qetellong): e ka holimo ka tlaase le e. Pele ke lekaneng articular hlooho. Ho sebeletsa ho amahanya lehare ka mahetla. Pheletsong e ka holimo e arohane le 'mele ka ho molaleng anatomical. Ka tlase ho ba sebakeng se ka ntle hillocks lehlakoreng (bophahamo) - tse nyenyane le tse khōlō. Di arohane ka groove ka e. A karolo e itseng narrowed 'meleng eo e haufi-ufi ho ea fihla hloohong, o ile a bua ka hore ke "molaleng ho buoa." Ka roughness lesapo holim'a ke e boetse e le teng. E sebeletsa e le sebaka bakeng sa sephuthelwana ea mesifa deltoid. The epiphysis tlaase e eketsa le ho fetoha condyle. Ho sebeletsa ho hokela e kopanetsweng le radius le ulna masapo.

forearm

Karolong ena ea masapo ea leoto e ka holimo e akarelletsa likarolo tse peli:

• Ulna. Ho larileng hammoho holim'a ka hare lehlakoreng la monoana hanyane (V monoana). Pheletsong e ka holimo ea setho ke feta maholohali. Ho na le tse peli tse thulaganyo e: ho litsoeng ka morao le ka pele - coronal. Di arohane trochlear hapa ho hokela ho lesapo mahetla. Le ka ntle (lateral) lehlakoreng ea ho coronoid kenyelletsa ditokiseletso ka ho itšeha radial. E e bopa e-'moho le selika-likoe ka. Qetellong e ka tlaase ea ulna ho bopa hlooho. Ho khetholla ka articular holim'a ka mokgwa wa le selikalikoe ho mabapi le ulnar hapa ka elements toloki. Ka hare (medial) lehlakoreng le fetisa thulaganyou e styloid.
• Radial masapo. E fanoa ka mokgwa wa setho telele tubular. Radius fetela le hammoho le ka ntle lehlakoreng holim 'a e khōlō (pele) Pin. bofelong ba eona e ka holimo e theha cylindrical hlooho sebopeho. Ho ba teng glenoid fossa le selika-likoe ka. Lipheletsong ka holimo ka radius le ulna masapo a ka setotsoana sebopeho sa e kopanetsweng. Karolo e ka tlaase e na le hapa ulnar, styloid tshebetso ya ho ya lateral. Ho na le boetse ho na le hona joale carpal articular holim'a. Lehlakoreng e ka tlaase ea e radius le ulna masapo etsa wrist'moho le moleng ka holimo la masapo carpal.

borashe

Skeleton ea leoto e ka holimo sebakeng sena e emeloang ke masapo a ka letsohong, metacarpus le menoana. Sebakeng pele e na le mela e 'meli ea lekgutshwanyane spongy lesapo (a mane e mong). The wrist masapo o khona ho itlhalosa. Lehlakoreng e ka holimo ea moleng pele e amanang ho ea lesapo radial, ka holim 'articular. Karolo e ka tlaase ea botlaaseng bobeli o khomaretse e elements metacarpal. Metacarpus emeloang ke tse hlano tse kgutshwanyane masapo tubular. Nkoa ho tloha qalong ea motona le. Hlooho ea hona joale ea e mong le e bone bone metacarpal, 'me' mele oa botlaaseng. Karolo ea pele e tse hlalositsweng molaong ho e ka holimo tse fapaneng ka leqheka monoana. Leqheka emela tubular lekgutshwanyane likarolo masapo. Ba nehelana ka hlooho, e leng setsi le 'mele. Likarolo tse peli pele ba khetholloa articular holim'a. Ka holimo a phalanges e, karolo ena e na le mateano le hlooho ea masapo tshwanelanang pasterns, ho tloha e ka tlaase le bohareng - ka nyolosa (proximal) leqheka. O motona ho na le ba babeli ba masapo telele, ba bang kaofela - tse tharo.

makgetheng Age of ntshetsopeleng: lesapo lebanta

le likarolo tsohle kenyelelitsoe masapo ea leoto e ka holimo, ka ntle clavicle ea, ke connective sethaleng, lefufuru, masapo.

• Lopatka. setšeng sa eona e ka sehloohong ea ossification e beha ka khoeli ea bobeli ea ho hōla fetal. From ntlha ena ea ho ba le lesapo la mokokotlo 'me' mele karolo. Ho ea qetellong ea selemo 1st ea bophelo coracoid ho beha e karolong e ikemetseng ea ossification, 'me ho lilemo tse 15-18 - e thehoa acromion ena. Ka 15-19, tshebetso coracoid coalesces le kharafu le.
• Collarbone. ossification lona le hlaha ka pelenyana. Karolong ena fetela le masapo - connective - mohato. beke 6-7-go th. ka hare ntlha pōpelong ea ossification bonahala. E sebakeng e le setsi sa ea Bud connective. karolo ena e thehoa le clavicle acromial qetellong ea 'mele, e leng masea e comprised hoo e ka bang ka ho feletseng ea dinama tse nyenyane tse masapo. Jwalo ka karolo ya sternum lefufuru e thehoa. ossification tsa khubu le ho bonahala eka ho lilemo tse 16-18 feela, e leng e fused le lesapo 'meleng oa lilemo tse 20-25.
• Mahetla. The epiphysis proximal ke sebopeho sa lintlha tse mahareng ossification: e kholo le tse nyenyane tutulu ho 1-5-go th le hlooho hangata 1 selemo sa bophelo. A le lilemo li etsang dilitara 3-7. Ho logan bona, 'me lilemo tse 13-25 - ikopanya le diaphysis. Karolo distal tsa epiphysis ossification thehoa ho fihlela ho lilemo tse 5 ea bophelo, lateral epicondyle - ho 4-6, e medial - ho 4-11. Ke 13-21, karolo tsohle fused le diaphysis ena.

midsection

• Ulna. Ka lilemo tse 7-14, ka proximal epiphysis ossification ntlha e raloa. From e qala olecranon, e leng hona joale trochlear hapa. Ka lilemo tse 3-14 thehoa libakeng tsa ossification ka epiphysis distal. Atolosa, le lesapo dinama tse nyenyane tse e bopa tshebetso styloid le hlooho. Fusion tsa epiphysis proximal ea 'mele ho etsahala ka 13-20 selemo, th, distal - 15-25 m.
• Radius. Ke lilemo tse 2.5-10 beha karolo e itseng ea ossification tsa epiphysis proximal. Diaphysis logan hlaha lilemong 13-25.

Ntshetsopeleng ya thepa ea motheo e borashe

• Letsohong. Ka mor'a tsoalo ea qala ossification la lefufuru. 1-2 K-th, selemo sa bophelo ka hamate le capitate lesapo ossification ntlha Ho thehoa ka 3rd - e likhutlo li tharo, 4th - lunate, 5th - navicular, 6-7-m - trapezoid, ka bo8 la - ka pisiform.
• Pastern. masapo Bookmark eaba ba etsa karolo ena le hlaha pejana ho ka letsohong la. Zone tsa ossification ka diaphysis le beha ho libeke tse 9-10 ho hōla embryonic, ntle ea lesapo la pele. Ho karolo thehoa ho libeke tse 10-11. The epiphysis ossification libaka hlaha pakeng tsa likhoeli tse 10. 'me lilemo tse 7. Ke lilemo tse 15-25 ha ho logan ea diaphysis le hlooho ea lesapo metacarpal.
• Leqheka. Point tsa 'mele ossification likarolo distal hlaha bohareng ba khoeli ea bobeli ea ho hōla embryonic, proximal - tlhōrōng,' me bohareng - qetellong ea khoeli ea boraro. The leqheka la karolo e le setsi hlaha pakeng tsa likhoeli tse 5. 'me lilemo tse 7. The increment ea 'mele ho etsahala ka selemo 14-21.

Masapo ea leoto e ka holimo e na le sebopeho rarahaneng oo kazhdyyelement phetha karolo e itseng.