Se bitsoang maoatleng a lefatše? Maoatleng: Resources

Sheba 'mapa' meleng hemispheres e, re ka bona hore kabo le lekane naha le metsi ka holim'a metsi polanete. lik'honthinenteng Huge hasane ka maoatleng a lefatše, a kang le lihlekehlekeng. Ka Lefatše Southern ka litlaleho tse naha bakeng sa ka tlase ho 20%, Karolong e ka Leboea - ka 40%. Se bitsoang maoatleng a lefatše a ka jeokrafi, ekolotsi, 'me saense tse ling tsa lefatše? Ena ke kabelo ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa hydrosphere - metsi khetla ea polanete ea rōna. Bakae maoatle Lefatšeng, ba bang ba bona ba kholo ka ho fetisisa sebakeng le warmest? Tsena le lipotso tse ling tse ngata li arajoa sehloohong sena.

Se bitsoang maoatleng a lefatše (MO)?

metsi tsohle lefatšeng theha likarolo le 'ngoe khetla tse amanang cyclisme tsa H ₂ O limolek'hule le lintho tse ling. Defense - ke karolo e tsoelang pele ea hydrosphere, e leng litlaleho tse fetang 94% ea sebakeng kakaretso ea metsi lefatšeng (maoatle, maoatle, likou, maholo, linoka, matša le matangoana). Hangata jeokrafi Russia, litsebi li a tsebahatsa likarolo ka sehloohong 4 of maoatle. Re thathamisa bona ka taelo ea fokotseha holim sebakeng (milione km SE ^2.): Light (179), Atlantic (92), India (76), Arctic (15).

E le batho ba ile ba utloela ka ho ba teng ha kamano e pakeng tsa maoatle?

E nako e telele khahloa batho maoatle e khōlō. haholo pele ka senyeha habonolo likepe, likoqo le catamaran batšoasi ba litlhapi ba kena ka kotsi ho tsamaea metsi. History of Leoatleng la World e bua ka litlhaloso boholo-holo, lipale, Legends ka hlōla rafting, ho soka sekepe ka le lijana sekepe sebaka se selelele e khōlō. Ho lumeloa hore baahi ba lik'honthinenteng le lihlekehlekeng tse ling ba boholo-holo ka lebaka la bokhoni ba batho ba ho hlōla maoatleng.

Leeto la pele tsebahalang lefatšeng ka bophara o ile a lebothong leo Spain se ile sa etsa ke Ferdinand Magellan lilemong 1519-1522. Fallela Hloahloeng ea Iberia ka bophirimela, likepe tšela Atlantic, lekaneng ho Amerika Boroa, se ile sa kena metsi e sa tsejoeng. boemo ba leholimo bo ne windless, kahoo Magellan bitsoang Leoatle la Pacific. Ka skirmish le matsoalloa a Philippines, ba bangata ba Spain basesisi hammoho le hlooho ea leeto la shoa. metsoalle ea Magellan ile ea tsoela pele leetong la bona ho ea ka bophirimela ho ea batla linōko, khauta le ea bohlokoa ho Spain moqhaka.

E 'ngoe ea likepe e eteletsoe pele ke Captain Juan Elcano tšela karolong e bohareng ea Leoatle la Indian, lekaneng ho Afrika e ka boroa' me a khutlela Europe. Ho tloha sphericity ea Lefatše e se e ile, ho ba teng ha karolo e 'ngoe ea maoatleng a lefatše. Circumnavigation le maeto a mang ka ho ba Mehla ea sibolloa tšoaea ho qaleha ha thuto khōlō ea libakeng tse metsi bakeng sa kgwebo ya, saense indasteri le ea ho tsoasa litlhapi.

Defense - karolo e khōlō ea hydrosphere ho

Ho ithuta sehlooho se reng "maoatle" (Kereiti ya 7) e ke ho hlokahala hore ho hopola pele ithutile lintho tse bonahalang Class 6 ( "hydrosphere"). Junifomo ea metsi hlokomela tikoloho ea Lefatše e na le likarolo tse peli tsa boholo sa lekaneng - MO naha le metsi. Ba kokangana ajoa taba e ngata le matla, ho tsamaisa ya mongobo, bokaholimo le ka tlas'a lefatše a tsoelang. Se bitsoang maoatleng a lefatše a ka saense ea kajeno? poleloana e reng e sebelisoa mabapi le libaka tse khōlō ea metsi le lekholong la lilemo la XVII ka mosebetsi oa bafuputsi ba Madache-Sejeremane Bernhard Varenius.

Russia rasaense Yuri M. Shokalsky qalong ea lekholo la lilemo la XX hlahiswa ka tšebeliso saense poleloana e reng "Lefatše Ocean", khetholloa 4 ka sehloohong likarolo MO. Ena boholo e khōlō oceanic mehahong tsa tlhaho arohantsoe ke lik'honthinenteng le sehlopha sa lihlekehleke (le lihlekehlekeng ketane). makala Minor MO - silafala, a maholo, leoatle (thoko ho leqephe tse).

Karolo e tloaelehileng ea Lekala la Tšireletso la

Meeli hangata meeli, e le na le 'mele le' ngoe ea metsi - maoatle. MO mapa fana e le maikutlo a ea mefuta e fapaneng ya ho arola mela. Mohlala, Pacific le Arctic arohantsoe ke peninsulas (Chukotskii le Alaska), amanang moqotetsane Bering Strait. Moeli pakeng tsa Atlantic le Leoatleng la Indian boroa ea Afrika e etsoang ke 20 °. le d.

Ka linaheng tse ngata ba etsa qeto ea ho bolella ba bongata ba hydrosphere ka libaka 5 kapa 7 arohaneng. Maemong ana, eketsa ea Southern Ocean le likarolo tse peli tsa ho Atlantic. Ho itšetlehile ka hore naheng ea bolulo karabelo e tloaelehileng ho curriculum potso "Ho bitsoa maoatleng a lefatše?" Fapane palong ea diyuniti kabo ka sebopeho lona (maoatle ea Lefatše).

Ea saense ea maoatle le likarolo tsa lona

Thuto ea sebopeho sa naha tlaase, mocheso, metsi letsoai le metsing, maqhubu le lintho tse khethollang tse ling tsa 'mele e khōlō ea metsi a kenella oceanography (jeokrafi karolo). likarolong tse sa tšoaneng MO fapana ka solute dikahare, segokanyipalo, eo litekanyo tse etsoang ka thuso ea disebediswsa morao-rao ka likete tsa lintlha.

Boikemisetso ba bolibeng sebelisa echolocation lumelloa ho bala palo yohle ya metsi a leoatle a ka lefatše le qhibiliha ho eona metsoako (chloride, sulfates, iodides le molemo o sebetsang). Maoatleng metsi na segokanyipalo karolelano ea 1,024 g, / cm, ^3. mokelikeli joalo ha le hatsele ka 0 ° C, 'me ka ... -1 -3 ° C. Tse tebileng, e ka tlaase mocheso ho ba mosebetsi ea equator.

Botebo ba maoatle

Joang ho fumana ho tsoa ho palo e kahodimodimo le hole bonyane ho tloha holim 'a ka tlase ho? botebo seo, e leng fapana maoatle? MO mapa e na le tlhahisoleseding ka botebo karolelano le lebetsoeng le. sebaka Maritime o ile a bontša ka ho shades e fapaneng ya mebala e putsoa. Lefifi 'mala o ka limmapa ho tsamaisana le libaka tse tebileng ka ho fetisisa.

Leseli mebala e putsoa e sebelisoa ho bontša shallows tsa maporogo bohareng ba bo-leoatleng. Ho nkoa e tebileng ka ho fetisisa Leoatleng la Pacific, e karolong e ka leboea-bophirimela ho ea Mariana foro fetang 11 km le tebileng. Ka lebōpong le ka bophirimela ea Chile fetisa Peru foro (ka 7 km). A MO karolelano botebo ba tiro 3.7 km SE.

ea moeli tlase

The ntšetsa pele lik'honthinenteng tlas'a metsi - ho kontinenteng raka, athe, e ka linako tse ling fihla ka botebo ba 1 km SE. Maoatleng ho pota botenya ba e na le e 'ngoe phetoho libaka - the kontinenteng letsoapong. Ka hare ho meeli ea kontinenteng raka, athe abelwa lithoteng fapaneng hlahang ho yona e ka ho teba theolela likarolo tse ling tsa Okhotsk, le Barents le Leoatle la Japane. Leoatleng koahela karolo e bohareng ea tlase le fana ka sebopeho fapaneng le boholo ba beisine, upland. Liforo na tshusumetso efe kapa efe libakeng la oceanic lipoleiti lithospheric le naha ena.

Har'a mehaho e lithaba leoatle busitse bohareng ba bo-leoatle maporogo shafts le tse amanang ka e le 'ngoe e tsoelang pele ketane bolelele ba fetang 40 tse sekete. Km. Ho phaella moo, ka leoatleng ho emit blocky le seretse se chesang maporogo, tse fapaneng ka tlas'a metsi le ba se nang balekane ka holimo. Tse ling tse mefuta e meng ea ea liphallelo e ka tlase - lihlaba le maralla.

Movement ea metsi Lekala la Tšireletso

Tse sa tšoaneng liketsahalo tsa tlhaho sesosa le sesosa motsamao oa boima metsi ka leoatleng lefatše:

• metsi holimo le tlaase mokhatlo oa etsahala tlas'a tšusumetso ea moea;
• kamehla moea phallo isang sebopeho sa maqhubu;
• ba tsepahale borapeling bo hloekileng le phallo ea maoatle e etsa hore ho khahloa ya metsi khoeli;
• ka lebaka la ho foqoha ha seretse se chesang se ka tlas'a metsi hlaha maqhubu a maholo - tsunami.

MO atlelase limmapa tsa phallo ho bontšitsoe ke metsu e khubelu le e putsoa 'mala. Mala fetisa tšobotsi e kang mocheso phahameng kapa tlaase nakong bapisoa le pota-potileng tikoloho ya leoatleng. Kholo ka ho fetisisa mofuthu metsi le melapo: ho Stream Gulf karolong e leboea-bophirimela ea la Atlantic, ka Kuroshio, haufi le lihlekehlekeng tsa Japane, le North Atlantic Current. metsi a batang phallang ka MO: Bophirimela Moea hoholeha, Peru, Benguela.

Tlaase MO metsi

Polar le subpolar karolo ea Defense - the batang. The kgolo holim'a sebaka sa Ocean Arctic koahetsoeng ka leqhoa teteaneng perennial. Masimong Arctic le Antarctic leqhoa ho na le majoe ka metsing - icebergs. Leoatle batang - ho Arctic, tseo boholo ba tsona tsohle icebound selemo. Ha u ntse u tsamaea ho tloha Arctic Circle ho libaka sa mocheso, metsi e ka Leboea le ka Boroa chesang e mongobo ho feta halefile ke letsatsi. The warmest e nkoa e le Leoatle la Pacific, le a pharaletseng a ho fetisisa ka chesang libaka khanya.

liphetoho mocheso oa metsi holim 'kapele. E le busa, ho phalla e khōlō ea matla a letsatsi ha e phunyeletse ka bolibeng. Ka lebaka leo, nakong ea lehlabula ka latitudes mocheso le e chesang e mongobo, mocheso holim'a e phahame ho feta ka mariha. Ho bolibeng ba boholoanyane ho se tšoane ka linako tse itseng hoo e ka bang ke ke a ikutloa kateng. Ha ho fallela ho tloha holim 'a limithara tse makholo a seng makae bonahala matla fokotseha ka mocheso. Holim'a e mong tse sekete. Meter liphetoho tse ka tlaase ho moo phatlalletsoang le ka tlase ho 3 sekete. M, mocheso o kamehla ka hare ho fapaneng ya + 2 ° ... 0 ° C.

E le hantle MO tlelaemete lik'honthinenteng

Maoatleng ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa sebopeho sa boemo ba leholimo le meteo ka naha. Ka karolelano mocheso MO metsi holim 'a 17,4 ° C, athe ka holim'a Lefatše, palo eo ke 14,4 ° C. Maoatle ba khona ho le tšusumetso ea bohlokoa ho phapanyetsano ea mocheso le mongobo pakeng tsa sepakapaka le mobu. The heats metsi le pholisa butle ho feta lik'honthinenteng le lihlekehlekeng, ka lebaka la ho mocheso phahameng itseng.

Maqhubu a fallela matšoele metsi a batang a libaka tse futhumetseng, le motlatsi le lengwe. dithulaganyo tsena ba le tšusumetso e khōlō kabo khatello le mocheso moea. Mariha, MO ke mofuta oa "setofo" bakeng sa ho futhumatsa holim'a lefatše, 'me ka ea lehlabula - "sehatsetsi". mathata a leng teng tsa maoatle - the qhibiliha ea leqhoa, bochaba maemo metsi - sokelang ho fetola boemo ba leholimo le limela tse lik'honthinenteng e, likoluoa tsa tlhaho.

letsoai le metsing

Metsi leoatle ka tekanyo e sa tšoaneng ba teng ka hoo e ka bang tsohle metsoako ea tafole nako le nako. The dikahare karolelano ea matsoai a sa tšoaneng ke 3,5%. E sebelisa e khethehileng unit trust - ppm - bontsha chelete ka dikgerama ea solute ka litha e le nngwe 1 ya metsi a leoatle ^_(0/00). Karolelano ea MO letsoai le metsing - 35 ^_0/00. Correlation A pakeng tsa sebakeng se libaka, kabo ea maqhubu holim, mouoane, letsoai le metsing 'me thepa e meng, e leng libaka tse maoatleng fapaneng. MO mehlodi ya metsi hole feta ba ka ho la naha. U ka ntšang metsoako e molemo sebediswa e le mouoane, ho hlahisa metsi a nooang - dimela khethehileng desalination ka likepe, 'me libakeng tse lebōpong la leoatle ea linaheng tse ngata.

bokae bohlokoa ea letsoai ipokellela leoatle metsi, e leng pakeng tsa 45 ° c. w Le. le 10 ° S. w Le. The dikahare tsa dintho ka metsi leoatle itšetlehile ka aa phalla ho tswa ho naha ea leqhoa botenya le qhibiliha lona. Boholo ba letsoai MO koalloa latitudes e chesang e mongobo. Ke karolong e ka leboea-bophirimela ea Leoatle la Indian - Leoatleng le Lefubelu 'me Bab-el-Mandeb (41 le 42 ‰, ka ho latellana). Mediterranean letsoai le metsing e 39 ‰.

Natural Resources Defense

Pantry tsa lik'hemik'hale, mafura, mohloli oa matla, metsi a hloekileng, lijo le lehae la lintho tse phelang tse ngata tse phelang - maoatle tsohle. Geography ea mehloli matsoai ha e so ka ithuta ho bolibeng moholo, le ntshetsopele mose qala lilemo tse mashome. Ea bohlokoa bo itseng tse latelang Natural Resources Defense:

• mafura a (oli, khase, mashala);
• metallic le batho bao e seng metallic liminerale (letsoai, tšepe, a mankanese a, bromine, k'halsiamo, khauta, litaemane, 'mala o mosehla, thaethaniamo, thini);
• eneji, le (tides, maqhubu a, le chesang le liliba tse);
• thepa ea ho haha (lehlabathe, lehlohlojane);
• phepelo ea metsi bakeng sa desalination;
• tlhapi, liphoofolo tse anyesang metsing, crustaceans, molluscs, liponche;
• meroho;
• boithabiso.

E nako e telele bile Leoatleng la World, maruo tsa libaka mabopong e sebediswa bakeng sa ho tsamaya, ho tšoasa litlhapi leoatle, Bay le leoatle boikhathollo, hlaphoheloa ea bophelo bo botle. Popular mabōpo a leng teng ka mabōpong mofuthu lehlabathe la Mediterranean, Leoatleng le Lefubelu le Black Sea, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific maoatle a tropike le e chesang e mongobo ka libaka boemo ba leholimo.

Tikoloho mathata a maoatle a haholo-holo tse amanang le ho kgolo ya meepo. Ha e qhalana oli le airtight oli filimi Ho thehoa holim'a metsi. Hataketse phapanyetsano oksijene le carbon dioxide pakeng tsa sepakapaka le leoatle, ho bolaea liphoofolo tse phelang metsing le dimela.

"Fish bolokolohi" tsa maoatle

Maoatleng li le matla haholo libakeng tse ho tšoasa litlhapi, meepo ea likorale le liperela. Leoatleng ho tšoasa litlhapi entseng hore hoo e ka bang 10% ea thepa lijo tala. Fishing tsa maoatle ea litlhapi - ho sardine, anchovies, herring, tseo tuna, litlhapi tsa salmon, Hake, tse bitsoang capelin, mackerel, rockcod, pollack, tsa cod, halibut, sardine, flounder.

Ka latitudes tseo, moo ho na le maemo a bakeng sa ntshetsopele ya plankton, ho na le ho hongata haholo ea litlhapi. Bakeng sa ho ikatisa tsa lintho tse phelang tse nyenyane emisitswe metsi, ke ke ho hlokahala hore ho ea botlaaseng ba e botsitsoeng joalo bitsoa likarolo biogenic (naetrojene, ka silicon, phosphorus, k'halsiamo, le batho ba bang). Maemo a joalo mofuta o bōpiloe ka libaka tse ngata tsa MO:

• theoha Pacific lebōpong la Amerika Boroa ka boroa ho equator;
• haufi le Labrador Hloahloeng, ka Bochabela Greenland ka leboea;
• haufi le mabopo tsa Europe le Amerika Leboea Leoatleng la Atlantic, haufi le ° 40. w Le.;
• ho tloha lebōpong la Morocco Afrika Bophirimela ho fihlela a feteletseng e ka boroa ea k'honthinente e chesang;
• ho tloha lebōpong la Burma ka Leoatleng la Indian haufi le lihlekehlekeng Indonesia.

maoatleng a lefatše, e le karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea tsoelang pele khetla metsi ea Lefatše, o phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho lefatše, 'me maruo a lona li sebelisoa ke batho ho tloha nakong immemorial. Ka litšobotsi tse ka bomong ba MO ho fapane, empa e ke ho phethahetseng ka hohlehohle tsa tlhaho tse rarahaneng lipolanete tekanyo e, e leng e lokela ho bolokoa bakeng sa boiketlo ba meloko e hona joale le nakong e tlang.