Phetolo ya plastids - le lipono tse makatsang e tloaelehile lefatšeng la limela. Plastids: sebopeho, mosebetsi

E 'ngoe ea ho se tšoane ka sehloohong pakeng tsa limela le liphoofolo lisele tse e ba teng ka cytoplasm organelles pele tse kang plastids. Sebopeho, haholo-holo dithulaganyo bona tshilong ya dijo, ekasitana le ho chromoplasts chloroplasts boleng le leucoplasts tla tšohloa sehloohong sena.

Sebōpeho sa chloroplast ho

Tala plastid sebopeho eo re hlahlobeng amana organelles tlamang ea lisele tsa spore le peo dimela e phahameng. Ba dvuhmembrannymi organelles sele le tse oval ka sebopeho. palo ea bona ka ho cytoplasm ka 'na ba e fapaneng. Mohlala, lisele tse columnar koae lekhasi parenchyma poleiti na le ho fihlela ho likete tse chloroplasts ka bakoa la dimela lelapa lijo-thollo ho tloha 30 ho ea ho 50.

lera la bobeli e leng karolo ea organelle e, na mehaho e fapaneng: le ka ntle - le boreleli, tse tharo-kolohantsoeng, tšoanang ho ea lera la ho fetisisa lisele tsa semela. Hare kenyelletsa ditokiseletso e plurality tsa lemenong, e bitsoang lamellae. Tsena haufi a bataletseng pouches - thylakoids. The lamellae theha marangrang a tubules e tšoanang. Pakeng tsa lamellae ba thylakoids-liseleng. Ba bokelloa ka mekgobo - lifahleho tse ka ya kokangana. palo ea bona e 'ngoe chloroplast - 60-150. Kaofela hare cavity e tletse ka popeho ea chloroplast ena.

Organelle na matšoao a boikemelo: ipatlele liphatsa tsa lefutso tse bonahalang lona - chitja DNA, ke eo chloroplasts ka ata. Hape ho na le koetsoeng ka ntle lera bounding le organelle ke dithulaganyo ka etsahalang cytoplasm ena. Chloroplasts na ribosomes bona le limolek'hule tsa RNA le tRNA, 'me kahoo, matla a ho synthesize liprotheine.

mesebetsi thylakoids

Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, ho plastids ya dimela lisele tse - chloroplasts, na ka sebopeho bona khethehileng sacs pantshisi-tse bitsoang thylakoids. Ba ile ba fumana ka mebala - chlorophylls (ho akarelletsa tala) le carotenoids (tšehetso sebetsa le mosebetsi trophic). Ho na le boetse ho na le tsamaiso ea potlakisang tsebetso ea lik'hemik'hale, ba itšoara joang e fana ka leseli le lefifi mohato ya tala. Thylakoids mosebetsi e le manakana: ba tsepamisa mahlaseli leseli 'me a tsamaise bona ho chlorophyll molek'hule.

Tala - tshebetso o ka sehloohong oa chloroplasts

lisele tse Autotrophic kgona ho synthesize dintho manyolo, ka tsoekere ho khetheha, ho sebelisa carbon dioxide e ngata le matla a leseli. Tala plastid mosebetsi eo re ithuta, ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea phototrophic e - tse phelang multicellular, tse kang:

• dimela e phahameng spore (mosses, horsetails, tlelabo mosses, ferns);
• peo (gymnosperms - gingovye, conifers, efedrovye le angiosperms kapa limela tse thunyang).

Tala - tsamaiso a itšoare ho kena moea-phokotso, tseo li thehiloe elektrone thulaganyou e phetiso tloha dintho mofani ho metsoako "lemoha" le tsona, ho thoeng acceptors.

liphetoho tsena lebisa ho tswakana ya dintho manyolo, ka tsoekere ho khetheha, le karohano ea oksijene ea limolek'hule. Mohato leseli la tala le hlaha ka lera la thylakoid tlas'a bohato ba ho sebelisa khanya. The photons ananelang excite dieleketerone khanya magnesium liathomo tse sa pigment tala - chlorophyll.

Elektrone matla a sebelisoa ho matla-timetsang tswakana dintho ATP le NADP-H2. Ba arola sele ho liphetoho lefifi mohato etsahala ka popeho ea chloroplast ena. The bothe a itšoare tsena a maiketsetso a lebisa hore ho thehoe limolek'hule tsa tsoekere,-amino acid, glycerol le acid tse mafura, tse sebeletsang e le lisele tse ho haha le ho lintho tse bonahalang trophic.

mefuta plastids

Tala plastid sebopeho le mesebetsi ya eo re neng re a hlahloba ka eena pejana, ke ka makhasi, bakoa, le tala ha mofuta feela. Ka mohlala, ka letlalo la tholoana eo, ka le mahlaku a ea lipalesa dimela ka likoahelo e ka ntle ea limathi sekhukhu - tubers le bulbs, ho na le plastids tse ling. Ba ba bitsoa chromoplasts kapa leucoplasts.

organelles Colorless (leucoplasts) na tsa dibopeho tse fapaneng le fapaneng ho tloha chloroplasts hore cavity bona ka hare ha se na lipoleiti tšesaane - lamella, 'me palo ea thylakoids aa ageletsweng ka popeho nyenyane. Matrix ka boeona e kenyelletsa ditokiseletso e acid e deoxyribonucleic, le protheine-synthesizing organelles - ribosomes le enzyme proteolytic hore heletsa liprotheine le lik'habohaedreite.

Leucoplasts ke hape-enzyme - synthetase kopanela sebopeho sa limolek'hule tsa tsoekere ea starch. plastids Ka lebaka leo colorless ea lisele dimela bakoang Phetolo limatlafatsi: Pellets protheine le starch poone. plastids tsena ke mesebetsi ya ho bokella lintho tse manyolo ka fetoloa chromoplasts, ho etsa mohlala ka nako ya ripening ea ditamati, ka ho ba sethaleng sa ripeness lactic.

Tlasa anthivaerase ya microscope le qeto e phahameng, ka ho hlaka bonahalang ho se tšoane ka sebōpeho sa mefuta eohle ea tse tharo tsa plastids. Sena se haholo-holo ama ho chloroplasts le sebopeho rarahaneng ka ho fetisisa e amanang le mosebetsi wa tala.

Chromoplasts - plastids mmala

Hammoho le tala le colorless ka lisele tse dimela ho na le karolo ea boraro pono organelles bitsoa chromoplasts. Ba na le mefuta e fapaneng ya mebala e: mosehla, pherese, e khubelu. sebopeho bona bo tšoana le leucoplasts: le lera ka hare e na le palo e fokolang ea lamellae le palo e fokolang ea thylakoids. Chromoplasts na le ka mebala e sa tšoaneng: xanthophylls, carotenes, carotenoids, thusang photosynthetic dintho. Ho plastids tsena fana mala metsong ea beet, lihoete, litholoana, lifate tsa litholoana le monokotsoai.

E le moo 'me plastids baa fetohe

Leucoplasts, chromoplasts, chloroplasts - the plastids (sebopeho le mosebetsi oa oona e re ithuta), ho ba le hlahang ho yona tloaelehileng. Di tswang meristematic (thuto) dinama tse nyenyane tse, ba tsona li thehoa protoplastidy - dvuhmembrannye sacciform organelles tsa ho fihlela ho 1 micron. Leseling, ba thatafatsa sebopeho lona: le lera ka hare Ho thehoa nang lamellae, 'me e tsa maiketsetso ke tala pigment chlorophyll. Protoplastidy ba chloroplasts. Leucoplasts hape ka sokoloha tlas'a bohato ba ho sebelisa khanya ho plastids tala, 'me joale ka chromoplasts. Phetolo ya plastid le - ke ketsahalo atile le lefatseng la tsa limela.

Chromatophores e le pele ho ea chloroplasts

Prokaryotic phototrophic phelang - libaktheria tala le pherese, photosynthetic thulaganyou e o etsoa ho sebelisoa bacteriochlorophyll A eo limolek'hule li lokisetsa ka hare cytoplasmic hlomelang a manyenyane lera. Microbiologists lumela chromatophores ea libaktheria pele ho plastids.

Sena se tiisoa ke tsa bona tse tšoanang ho chloroplasts sebopeho, e leng ho ba teng ha litsi ba itšoara joang le litsamaiso svetoulavlivayuschih le diphetho kakaretso tala, ea isang ho sebopeho sa metsoako manyolo. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore dimela ka tlaase - tala dimelametsing, hammoho le prokaryotes, na plastids. Sena ke ka ntlha ya go ha e le hantle hore thuto hlorofillosoderzhaschie - chromatophores o ile a tsoela mesebetsi bona - tala.

Ho tlile joang hore ho chloroplasts

Har'a dikgakanyo ngata qaleho ea plastid ho tsepamisa maikutlo symbiogenesis. Ho ea ka maikutlo a hae, plastids - lisele tse (chloroplasts) a ileng a tsoha ka mehla Archean ka lebaka la ho kenella ka hare tsa mathomo seleng ea heterotrophic libaktheria phototrophic. Ba ile se ile sa etsa hore ho thehoe plastids tala.

Ka pampiri ena re ithuta sebopeho le mosebetsi wa organelles dimela seleng ea dvuhmembrannyh: leucoplasts, chloroplasts le chromoplasts. 'Me u fumane tsoa boleng ba bona mosebetsi seleng.