Nitration tsa toluene: itsoara joang ka abel

A re ke re bua mabapi le kamoo nitration tsa toluene. Lokisetsa ka tsela e tšoanang ka ho itšoara ka palo e khōlō ea lihlahisoa semifinished sebelisitsoe ka proizvodnje tsa liqhomane, meriana.

Bohlokoa ba nitration

Benzene derivatives ka metsoako nkhang hamonate nitro di fumaneha ka indasteri ea kajeno lik'hemik'hale. Nitrobenzene ka aniline ke lipakeng sehlahiswa, litlolo tse nkhang hamonate, tlhahiso meriana. O ke solvent babatsehang bakeng sa metsoako ngata manyolo, ho akarelletsa le selulose le nitrite ho theha e boima gelatinous le eena. Ho indasteri e oli e tala e sebelisoa e le purifier bakeng ethylene bottom oli. Ha nitration tsa toluene ikemiselitse benzidine, aniline, acid e aminosalicylic, phenylenediamine.

Litšobotsi tsa nitration

Nitration tšoauoa lesoba NO2 sehlopha ka molek'hule ea ho kompone manyolo. Ho itšetlehile ka lintho tse bonahalang qalang, tshebetso ena o tsoela pele ka tsela e khōlō, nucleophilic, electrophilic mochine. The likaroloana a sebetsang a sebetsa e le cations nitronium, ions le radicals NO2. Toluene nitration karabelong e bua ka Phetolo ya. Bakeng sa lintho tse ling tse phelang e ka go tloswa go lokelwe nitration, le go tlaleletsa ka tlamo habeli.

Nitration tsa toluene ka molek'hule ea hydrocarbon nkhang hamonate e atlehe ho sebelisa nitrating acid e (sulfuric le acid nitric). The sethothetsi hlahisa thepa acid e sulfuric ho sebeletsa e le ho etsa joalo ho bolela vodotnimayuschego.

thulaganyou e abel

Nitration tsa toluene akarelletsa tloswa ea athomo hydrogen e mong ke nitro. Joang sekemeng tsa lintho tse tsoelang pele?

E le hore a hlalosang nitration tsa toluene, ba itsoara joang ka abel ka hlahisoa e le tse latelang:

ArH + HONO2 + = Ar-NO2 + H2 O

E lumella hore o ahloloa feela ka tsela e akaretsang ea sebelisana le, empa ha e senola litšobotsi tsohle tsa tshebetso ena. Ha e le hantle ho na le ba ikutloa ka tsela pakeng hydrocarbons e nkhang hamonate 'me lihlahisoa tsa acid e nitric.

Fuoa hore sehlahiswa e na le metsi a molek'hule, ho fokotsa ea mahloriso ea acid e nitric, nitration tsa toluene Ka hona, ae fokotsang lebelo. E le ho qoba bothata bona, tshebetso o etsoang tsoa ka thempereichara e tlaase sebelisa acid e nitric ka palo feteletseng.

Tlaleletsa ka acid e sulfuric ka ke metsi mmeleng mahlahana a sebelisoa , acetic anhydride, acid e polyphosphoric, boron trifluoride. Ba etsa hore snizat tshebediso ya acid e nitric, eketsa bokgoni ba ho sebelisana.

The makolopetso ya tshebetso

The nitration tsa toluene ne a hlalosoa ka morao lekholong la lilemo la ea leshome le metso e robong V. Markovnikov. O ile a khona ho hloma sehokelo lipakeng tsa ho ba teng ha ka ho motsoako ba itšoara joang concentrated acid e sulfuric le tshebetso sekhahla phallo. Tlhahiso nitrotoluene anhydrous acid e ea kajeno nitric di a sebelisa, e entsweng ka feteletseng hanyenyane.

Ho feta moo, sulfonation le nitration tsa toluene akarelletsa ho sebelisa fumaneha ke metsi mmeleng boron fluoride motsoako. selelekela lona ka tshebetso itsoara joang ka thusa ho fokotsa litsenyehelo tsa ho ba sehlahisoa fumana, e leng se etsang fumaneha ho nitration tsa toluene. Abel phallang thulaganyou e ka kakaretso ba ne ba ka tsela e latelang:

ArH + HNO3 + BF3 = Ar-NO2 + BF3 · H2 O

Mora phethoa metsi ba itšoara joang e hlahiswa, oo ka oona ho monohydrate boron fluoride dihydrate liforomo. Ho ile tlosoa ka vacuo, ka nako eo eketsa k'halsiamo fluoride, khutlela pele foromo komponeng.

Khethehileng tsa nitration

Ho na le tse hlahang ho tshebetso amanang le ho khetha reagents, substrate sebelisa itšoara joang. Nahana ka tse ling tsa dikgetho tsa bona ho feta:

• liphesente tse tsa 60-65 nitric acid e ka motsoako oa asiti etsang liphesente tse 96 sulfuric;
• motsoako oa asiti nitric 98% le khobokellane acid e sulfuric tsa itšoara joang dintho hanyane manyolo;
• potassium nitrate kapa ammonium le asiti khobokellane sulfuric - ke lokela ho etsa khetho e babatsehang bakeng sa tlhahiso ea polymer tsa metsoako nitro.

The kinetics tsa nitration

Nkhang hamonate hydrocarbons, sebelisana le motsoako oa sulfuric le acid nitric, nitro ionically. V. Markovnikov kgona ho khetholla ba khethehileng ba sebelisana le. tshebetso nka sebaka ka mekhahlelo e 'maloa. Nitrosernaya asiti e pele thehoa, eo undergoes dissociation ka tharollo ea metsi. Nitronium ions di a ileng a itšoara ka toluene ya ho theha e le sehlahisoa nitrotoluene. Ha eketsa ho motsoako oa limolek'hule tsa metsi etsahala deceleration.

Ka solvents le tlhaho manyolo - nitromethane, acetonitrile, sulfolane - dumella sebopeho sa ealogy ba eketsa lebelo la nitration.

La sephetho nitronium ealogy khomaretse motheo nkhang hamonate tsa toluene, ka tsela eo ha thehoa lipakeng. Ho ekelletsa moo ho na le ke le proton lekhalo, ea isang ho ho thehoe nitrotoluene.

Bakeng sa tlhaloso e qaqileng ea lintho tse tsoelang pele re ka nahana ka sebopeho sa e le "Sigma" le "Pi" e rarahaneng. Thuto "Sigma" ea rarahaneng ke tekanyo-fokotsa mohato oa sebelisana le. Sekhahla karabelong e amana ka ho toba le rapidity tsa nitronium ealogy ikamahanya le k'habone athomo ka motheo oa metsoako nkhang hamonate. proton e petsoha theoha ea toluene o etsoang ho tsoa hoo e ka bang hang-hang.

Feela Maemong a mang, ho ka ba le mathata a itseng le Phetolo amanang le bohlokoa kinetic e le hantle e ka sehloohong isotope. Sena ke ka lebaka la matsapa ea ho khutla ka ho ba teng ha litšitiso tsa mefuta e sa tšoaneng.

Ha khetha sethothetsi le moemeli metsi mmeleng le khobokellane sulfuric thulaganyou e acid e ho na le equilibrium battlefield ikutloeleng sebopeho sa lihlahisoa tsa itšoara joang.

bofello

Ho thehoa ka nitration tsa toluene nitrotoluene, e leng sehlahisoa tsa bohlokoa tsa indasteri lik'hemik'hale le. Ke ntho ena ke komponeng e phatlohang, kahoo batloang ka ho qhomisa e tshebetso. Har'a mathata a tikoloho tse amanang le proizvodnje lona liindasteri, hlokomela ho sebelisa chelete ka mohlomong la acid e khobokellane sulfuric.

Ho sebetsana ka katleho le bothata bona, litsebi tsa metsoako ba batla litsela tsa ho fokotsa matlakala sulfuric acid e fumana ka mor'a tshebetso nitration. Mohlala, tshebetso o etsoang tsoa ka thempereichara e tlaase, ea mahareng sebediswa e habonolo regenerable. asiti Sulfuric na thepa oxidizing matla, eo hampe ama ts'enyeho ea tšepe e ile ea eketseha kotsi ho lintho tse phelang. Ka hore a latele melao-motheo ea tsohle polokeho khoneha ho sebetsana ka katleho le mathata ana, fumana boleng bo phahameng nitro metsoako.