Mekhoa ea puisano e lihlooho tsa puisano: tlhaloso, litšobotsi tse le lintlha tse thahasellisang

A saense khopolo biogeocoenose ileng ba bōptjoa ke Russia rasaense Vladimir Sukachev. Ho fana ka characterization akaretsang ea litsamaiso tsa tlhaho, le ho hlahloba mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea dirisana pakeng tsa likarolo tse ling tsa lintho tse phelang tikolohong ea: limela, liphoofolo, dikokwanyana. ho ithuta haholo-holo ka lintho tse tebileng tsa mefuta e meng ea likamano biotic ne a khanna bo-rasaense ba seng Russia - V. Beklemishev eo tsejoa mefuta e mene ea tsona. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore e mabapi ea lihlooho tsa puisano - e ekolotsi mong oa mefuta e atileng ka ho fetisisa ba sebelisana ea mehahong tsa tlhaho tsa likokoana-hloko. Ba tla tšohloa sehloohong sena.

Khopolo ea khonsotiamong ho

Pele re hlahloba potso ea kamoo litlamo ea lihlooho tsa puisano li thehoa biocenosis, e ke ho hlokahala hore ho tloaela ha e le hantle lintho tse phelang tsa khopolo ea khonsotiamong ena. Ho bua ka nako e telele-o teng, ya kokangana likamano tsa ea lintho tse 'maloa hore itšetleha ka mofuta oa batho ba behang - mofumahali. The hangata ho fetisisa kopana phelang ho phetha karolo ena ke limela le liphoofolo. Ba sebeletsa e le ea mantlha ea, ho fana ka batho ba mefuta e meng e, haholo-holo ka lijo le ho sireletsa. Live exemplar amanang le ho inkonsortu endokonsortami ka 'na ba, ho etsa mohlala, ho potoloha kapa theipi liboko - liboko liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng le batho. Ekokonsorty - lintho tse phelang holim'a (motho, ke ea mantlha tsa, ho etsa mohlala, sweeper tlhapi, ahileng mele oa shaka a).

Haeba ba ne ba ka linako tse ling tla tla kopana le inkonsortom, ba ba bitsoa ekzokonsortami (mohlala, mahe a linotsi linotši bokella lero ho tswa ho mefuta e itseng dimela).

Trophic le lihlooho tsa puisano ka lebaka la ho consortia tse fapa-fapaneng

Ha khenele e emeloang ke mele o le mong, e bitsoa e setjhabneg motho, 'me haeba baahi ba feletse kapa esita le ho baemeli ba mefuta eohle, ebe khonsotiamong joalo bitsoa baahi. Trophic le puisano ea lihlooho tsa puisano li etsahala haholo-holo ka potlako ka ho motho ka mong ka ho sinuzialnoy khonsotiamong. Tabeng ena, e le ecobiomorphs mong - sehlopha autotrophic phelang tsa limela tsa anatomical tšoanang le litšobotsi tse fisioloji le bolulo ka tsela e tšoanang maemo a abiotic. Ka mohlala, sehlopha sa leka-lekaneng mongobo-lerato dimela Division gymnosperms - conifers (kalse mohbat, phaene, larch), hōlileng ka ho ea sebakeng seo li neng li atile - phelang liforomo sinuzialnuyu khonsotiamong.

Mesebetsi ea Beklemisheva

Bakeng sa tlhaloso ya tsohle tse phelang tse rarahaneng le tse fapa-fapaneng le likamano tse hlahang ka hare ho biogeocoenose fanoeng tlhaloganya sebaka tokisetso ea mefuta e amanang le ho e 'ngoe, Russia rasaense Beklemishev sebediswa ea lihlooho tsa puisano le puisano e telele. Mehlala bontšang sebōpeho bona, ba bontša hore ba bang ba phelang ama ba bang ka lebaka la ho liphetoho ka lintlha tikoloho. E le rasaense ea boletseng, lebaka ke ea lihlooho tsa puisano dikgokelo conditioning abiotic lintlha tsa tikoloho, ke hore, sebopeho sa e phelang bophelo ba ba bang ba itseng maemo physico-lik'hemik'hale bakeng sa boteng ba batho ba mefuta e 'ngoe. Kahoo, ka saense ea kajeno khopolo ea maqhama ea lihlooho tsa puisano Beklemishev hlahisitswe. Kahoo, ka metsi a hloekileng biocoenosis - letša, e mong a ka bala tse fetang 125 ka mehlala ea likamano tsa lihlooho tsa puisano ea limela le liphoofolo.

Ka mohlala, mofuta lefehlo Luetke behela mahe ka lekhasi parenchyma dimela tsa metsing tse kang arrowhead, bosehla metsi-khahla, 'me mefuta motho motsu - karolo e tlase ya lehare lekhasi ya dimela e tšoanang. tse phelang metsing hore phela ka matša metsi a hloekileng, haholo-holo sebelisa dimela ka substrate bakeng sa ho pholosa mahe le fepa larvae le batho ba baholo batho ba mefuta e tšoanang - tse phelang metsing phela makhasi, bakoa le ea metso ea limela tsa metsing - balemi.

Karolo e phethoang ke dimela ka sebopeho sa maqhama ea lihlooho tsa puisano

limela baemeli ba e seng feela ho etsa maemo motheo bakeng sa bophelo ea lintho tse ling tse, empa bona ka bobona ba ba ka mafolofolo susumetsa lintlha abiotic. Kahoo, ka lebaka la meru sabaletseng ea meru ea tropike le Siberia leo ho ahiloeng ho ke nomoro e khōlō ea lintho tse libakeng tsena ka e khethehileng microclimate dimela bōpileng-photosynthetic.

E tšoauoa ke mocheso phutholohile haholoanyane le mongobo homolog. Sena se na le phello e ntle ho bophelo ba liphoofolo tse anyesang, linonyana le likokoanyana - baahi ba morung e chesang e mongobo le taiga. mabapi ea lihlooho tsa puisano, mehlala ea eo re neng re li tšohlileng ka holimo, fana ka maikutlo a hore ba phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho lintho tse phelang tikolohong ea tlhaho, hammoho le sebelisana trophic.

Kamano pakeng tsa lintho tse phelang ho Arctic biocenosis

Thahasellisang lintlha tse mabapi le maqhama le lihlooho tsa puisano ho ka etsa ha ho ithuta tsela ea tlhaho e rarahaneng tsa Arctic. Nakong ea selemo ho tundra le ka lihlekehleke tsa Leoatle la Arctic e fofelang nomoro ea tonanahali ea leoatle linonyana: guillemots, eiders, guillemots. Ba etsa likolone nonyana. Nakong ea lehe-rala (morao May - mathoasong a June) linonyana lula lilomong, lutse ledges bare tse haufi haholo le mong ho e mong. Baahelani ba waterfowl ke lintho tse tloaelehileng tse jang - sephooko tšoeu.

Ba seng feela fepa guillemots ba bona ba banyenyane le murres, empa hape sireletsa tšimo eohle ea waterfowl nesting litlhaselong liphokojoe le libatana tse ling. mabapi ea lihlooho tsa puisano, mehlala ea eo re neng re li tšohlileng ka holimo, kenya letsoho hore ho ho pholoha ha batho ba mefuta e fapaneng phelang ka maemo a feteletseng a klimate ea libaka le Arctic.

Features ya sebopeho sa likamano tsa lihlooho tsa puisano ka biocenosis taiga

B. Beklemisheva ithuta eona e se e proven hore motheong oa likamano tsa lihlooho tsa puisano pakeng tsa lintho tse phelang ho fetola entsprechen ea ho ba teng ha batho ba mefuta e tšoanang ka lebaka la mosebetsi tsa lintho tse phelang tsa mefuta e meng e. Ka mohlala, libakeng tse sa phaene ea Siberia (Siberia kedare) khahloa baahi ba bangata ba taiga ho: bokotokwe, chipmunk, sable le, ya e le hantle, mefuta e fapaneng ea linonyana. E mong oa bona - ho nutcracker. Batho ba mefuta ena e mebala e khanyang le e nako e telele le leolitsoeng molomo linonyana. Ba fepa ka linate phaene le boloka ba tlas'a mokato ea taiga boriba. Ho lebala ka fanang ka 'ona ana, linonyana kenya letsoho hore ho ho ata ha le mefuta e bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa - Siberia kedare.

Mefuta ea likamano tsa lintho tse phelang merung ea deciduous

Re ne re ithuta mabapi ea lihlooho tsa puisano, mehlala ea sebopeho eo re hlahlojoa ka lintho tse phelang tikolohong ea Arctic le Taiga, e tla fella haeba re sa fumane karabo e le hantle hore likamano tsa tsena li ka ba le boleng negative. Ho joalo, merung eike leo ho ahiloeng ho ke Hymenoptera tse nyenyane - nyooko bobi. ovipositor lona tšehali phunya letlalo la makhasi a the oak le tshelwa ka parenchyma tsa leheng. Larvae hore qhotsoa ho tloha ho allocates mathe, tlas'a e leng ho na le e sa tloaelehang keketseho ea lakane, e bitsoa "nyooko". Ho eona senakangoeli e hantle a sireletsa khahlanong le lira tsa batho ba bangata, empa semela ka boeona e ho fokotsa mosebetsi photosynthetic, e le makhasi a ba angoa ke larvae ea disenyi ya.

mekhoa ea puisano e lihlooho tsa puisano etsahala pakeng tsa lintho tse phelang - hydrobionts

A mohlala hlollang tsa dirisana le, tsena bo-rasaense ba Russia Beklemishev - ea lihlooho tsa puisano, ka sebeletsa e le mosebetsi oa bohlokoa oa mefuta e itseng ea litlhapi, lebitso "cleaners" holim'a 'mele oa ka sehloohong tsa metsing bophelo - lishaka le maruarua. Ka mohlala, mofuta ona e le wrasse, kapa mefuta e meng ea makhala metsing ke baoki ba baahi ba bangata ba maoatle mofuthu. Shaka letlalo e atisa ho senyeha le maruarua parasitic invertebrate, mohlala, sandhoppers, isopods. Ja bona, cleaners boloka bona "bareki" ho tswa maloetse a tšoaetsanoang le bakoang ke likokoana-hloko letlalo pathogenic. Ka tsela eo e mong mefuta e ka 'na theha nang le batho ba mefuta e meng e ke ke feela lijo sebelisana, empa hape ama metabolism tsa lona, hammoho le mesebetsi ea bohlokoa e.

Akaretsa re ka bua ka kholiseho hore kamano ea lihlooho tsa puisano, mehlala, 'me sebopeho sa eo re neng re hlahlojoa sehloohong sena fana ka rarahaneng le tse fapa-fapaneng mefuta ditshebeditsano - bobeli e tobileng le e sa tobang pakeng tsa batho ba mefuta e fapaneng ea lintho tse phelang tikolohong tsa tlhaho - biocenoses.