Megapolise ea lefats'e. Metse e nang le baahi ba fetang milione

Khōlo ea baahi metseng ea litoropo ke e 'ngoe ea litšobotsi tse bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa mehleng ea kajeno. Metse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa lefatše ho fihlela morao tjena lokiselitsoe marobalo sebakeng feela sebakeng European le tsoelo-pele ea khale ea Asia - China, India le Japane.

lilemo tse makholo a mabeli a litoropo: 1800-2000

Ho fihlela lilemong tsa bo-XVIII, ha ho na motse o ke ke fihla monyako oa baahi ba limilione tse 'ngoe, ka ntle ho Roma ba boholo-holo: nakong ea sehlohlolo sa baahi ba eona nkoa batho ba limilione tse 1.3. Ka bo-1800 ho ne ho toropo le 'ngoe feela e nang le baahi ba ka fetang limilione tse 1 - Beijing,' me ka bo-1900, ba 'nile ba 15. tafole thathamisa leshome metse e meholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng le ka bo-1800, bo-1900 le 2000 ka likhakanyo e lekanang ea baahi.

Rating 1800 bonahatsa babapatsi sehlopha se busang. Har'a metse e leshome ho fetisisa baahi ba bangata, ba bane ke Se-china (Beijing, Canton, Hangzhou le Suzhou).

Ka mor'a nako ea merusu ea lipolotiki nakong ea Dynasty Qing, China 'nileng ba ba nako e telele ea khotso katoloso ya dipalopalo. Ka 1800, Beijing ea e-ba motse oa pele ka mor'a Roma (ka tlhōrō ea 'Muso oa Roma), eo baahi ba feta batho ba limilione tse 1. Joale a ne a nomoro e 'ngoe e lefatšeng; Constantinople e ne e boetse e fokotseha. Ka hona ha ho London le Paris (bobeli le la bohlano la, ka ho latellana). Empa boemong ba lefatše e bone tsa litoropo Japanese neano tloha Edo (Tokyo) e qala XIX lekholong la lilemo la batho ba halofo ea milione, haufi le ea baahi Paris, 'me Osaka e ka holimo-limo tse leshome.

Tsohang 'me le Fall ea Europe

Ka 1900, khōlo ea tsoelo-pele ea European fetoha ho bonahalang eka. The metseng e meholo ea lefatše (9 of 10) e le tsoelo-pele ea Bophirimela ka mahlakoreng a mabeli tsa Atlantic (Europe le USA). The a mane kholo ka ho fetisisa toropokgolo libaka ka China (Beijing, Canton, Hangzhou, Suzhou) nyamela lethathamo, kahoo e tiisang hore ho fokotseha ha 'muso oa Chaena. Mohlala o mong oa bofokoli ile ea e-Constantinople. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, metse kang London kapa Paris, hōla ka potlako: pakeng tsa bo-1800 le bo-1900 baahi ba eona ea eketseha ka makhetlo a 7-8. Greater London e ne e ena le baahi ba limilione tse wa 6.5, e feta palo ea baahi ba linaheng tse kang Sweden kapa Netherlands.

Khōlo ea Berlin kapa New York e ne e babatsehang le ho feta. . Ka 1800, New York, le lona baahi 63 likete na ha motse-moholo oa boholo, 'me motsaneng; lilemo tse lekholo hamorao, baahi ba eona e feta limilione tse 4. Metseng 10 lefatšeng, feela e 'ngoe-Tokyo - e ne e le ka ntle ho pharalla ha ho fedisa European.

Boemo babapatsi qalong ea lekholo la lilemo la XXI

Ho ea qetellong ea lekholo la mashome a mabeli la metseng e meholo ea lefatše o ne a ena le baahi ba ka baahi ba limilione tse 20 e mong le e. Tokyo ntse atolosa le ho isa tekanyong e joalo hore motse oo o fetohileng agglomeration fetisisa ea tonanahali lefatšeng, le na le baahi ba batho ba limilione tse 5 ba feta palo ea New Yorkers. Sam New York, e leng se o nako e telele e neng e tšoaretsoe hang-hang ka holimo, ke ha jwale ka bohlano ka palo ea baahi ke ba ka bang limilione tse 24 le batho.

Ha a ntse a 1900 e leshome kholo ka ho fetisisa agglomerations tsa litoropo le 'ngoe feela e ne e le ka ntle ho boemong European, boemo jwale ke ho feletseng bo fapaneng, ho tloha ha a le lilemo li leshome megalopolis fetisisa habité ha e matleng a ho tsoelo-pele ea Europe. The leshome metse e kholo ka ho fetisisa ba sebakeng Asia (Tokyo, Shanghai, Jakarta, Seoul, Guangzhou, Beijing, Shenzhen le New Delhi), Latin America (Mexico) le Africa (Lagos). Ka mohlala, ka Buenos Aires, eo e ntse qalong ea XIX lekholong la lilemo la e ne e le motseng o, o ile a ea 6, th sebaka ka kakaretso baahi ba batho ba limilione tse 11 ka 1998.

khōlo e phatlohile bone Seoul, moo palo ea baahi ba fetang tse lekholo tse halofo tse fetileng e ile ea eketseha ka makhetlo a 10. Africa ka boroa ho Sahara o na le ea ka neano tsa litoropo 'me ke feela ka nako e qalong feela ea tshebetso ena, empa ho na le ke se a ntse e selotlolo milione motse oa Lagos e na le baahi ba ka batho ba limilione tse 21.

About limilione tse likete tse 2,8 baahi tsa litoropo ka 2000

Ka 1900 10 feela% ya earthlings ba ne ba lula metseng e meholo. Ka 1950 ba neng ba se ba 29%, 'me ke 2000 - 47%. The tsa litoropo baahi ba lefatše e eketsehile haholo: ho tswa ho tse limilione tse 160 ka 1900 ho ea ho tse 735 ka 1950 ho limilione tse likete tse 2,8 ka selemo sa 2000

kgolo ya Urban ke lipono tse makatsang ba bokahohleng. Afrika, boholo ba ba bang ba metsana e imenne habeli mong le e mong lilemo tse leshome hore e ne e le ka lebaka la khōlo e phatlohile ka ho palo ea baahi le matla emigration mahaeng. Ka 1950, hoo e ka bang mong le e mong naheng ka boroa ho Sahara Afrika, palo ea baahi ba litoropong e imene ne tlase 25%. Ka 1985, boemo bona bo e bolokiloe feela ka karolo ea boraro ea linaha tse ling tse, 'me linaheng tse 7 palo ea baahi ba hlōtseng.

Motse le Naha

Latin America, ka hlakoreng le leng, litoropo o ile a qala ka nako e telele e fetileng. E ile ea fihla le tlhōrō ea eona e leng halofo e qalang ea XX lekholong la lilemo la. Baahi ba metseng ea litoropo e ntse e fokolang ka palo, feela ba seng bakae feela ba linaheng tse futsanehileng ka ho fetisisa Amerika Bohareng le Caribbean (Guatemala, Honduras, Haiti). Linaheng tse ngata nang le baahi ba ka Peresente ea baahi tsa litoropo tšoana le ba neng ba le linaheng tse tsoetseng pele tsa West (75%).

Boemo bo ile ba Asia e radically fapaneng. Ka Pakistan, ka mohlala, 2/3 ea baahi ba phelang libakeng tsa mahaeng; India, China le Indonesia - 3/4; ka Bangladesh - ho feta 4/5. Baahi ba motse haholo busitse. Boholo ba batho ba ntse ba phela libakeng tse ka mathōko. Ea mahloriso ea baahi metseng ea litoropo e fokolang libakeng tse 'maloa tsa Bochabela bo Hare le libaka liindasteri tsa Asia Bochabela (Japan, Taiwan, Korea). Ho bonahala eka ha se phahameng sa mahaeng baahi segokanyipalo lekanyetsang kwahelang ea me ka tsela eo thibela litoropo ka tsela e feteletseng.

Ho hlaha ha megacities

baahi Urban ke butle-butle ho feta 'me ho feta khobokellane ho agglomerations tonanahali. Ka 1900, palo ea metse ea nang le baahi ba fetang batho ba limilione tse 1 e ne e lekana le 17. Hoo e ka bang kaofela ha bona ba ile ba teng ka hare ho tsoelo-pele European - ka ho fetisisa tsa Europe (London, Paris, Berlin), ka Russia (St. Petersburg, Moscow) kapa ka lona ea lekala North tsa Amerika (Ntjha NY, Chicago, Philadelphia). The ntle le mabaka a feela ke metse e 'maloa e nang le histori e telele ea litsi tsa lipolotiki le tsa liindasteri tsa naha le phahameng baahi segokanyipalo: Tokyo, Beijing, Calcutta.

Halofo lilemo tse lekholo hamorao, ka 1950, e khabisitse naha mona metseng ea litoropo e fetohile haholo. Metse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa lefatše e sa ntse e le litho tsa makala, European, empa Tokyo o tsohile bo7 ho ea sebakeng 4th. Le letšoao ho fetisisa ea kheleke puong ha fokotseha ea West ke ho oa ha Paris tloha 3rd sebakeng 6th (pakeng tsa Shanghai le Buenos Aires), hammoho le London le boemong ba eona e itlhommeng pele ka ho bo-1900 ho nomoro 11 ka 1990.

Toropo le litakaneng tsa World Boraro

Latin America le ho feta tsa Afrika, moo ho hlokomela lefatše le ile la qala ka tšohanyetso, metse tse tebileng ka ho fetisisa bothata. Ea ka lebelo ho hōla ka peli ho isa ho ka makhetlo a mararo so tsitse ka mor'a tekanyo ea kgolo ya baahi; litoropo lebelo hona joale e mpefatsang Ntlha e: ka matsapa ea tsoela pele ea theknoloji le globalization fokotsa bokgoni ba ho bōpa-time jobs lekane se secha, ha a ntse likolo le diyunivesithi mong le e mong phepelo selemo ka mmarakeng wa mesebetsi, batho ba limilione ba fumaneng mangolo a macha. Bophelo ba motse-moholo oa mofuta ona e tletse lintho tse ngata ferekana hore fepa se tsitse ha lipolotiki.

Har'a agglomerations 33 le batho ba fetang limilione 5 ka 1990, 22 ba ne ba tsoa linaheng tse tsoelang pele. dinaheng motse oo futsanehileng ka ho fetisisa ba atisa ho ba kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. kgolo ya bona ka tsela e feteletseng le ho anarchic akarelletsa mathata a metse e kang litakaneng thuto le shanties, tsa dibopeho tsa motheo overload le aggravation ya mathata sechabeng, tse kang ho hloka mosebetsi, tlōlo ea molao, ho se sireletsehe, ho sebelisa lithethefatsi hampe 'me e le ka D..

Ho ekelletsa moo ho ata ha megacities: Nakong e Fetileng le Future

Ngoe ea litšobotsi tse ngata hlollang ea ho hōla ke sebopeho sa metseng e meholo, haholo-holo linaheng tlase tsoetseng pele. Ho latela tlhaloso ea Machaba a Kopaneng, e le metsana ea nang le baahi ba bonyane 8 milione. Kgolo ya dibopeho kgolo tsa litoropo ke ketsahalo e ncha eo e etsahetse ka lebaka la ho lekholong la lilemo la halofo tse fetileng. Ka 1950, metse e 'meli feela (New York le London) ba ne ba le sehlopha sena. Ka 1990, metse ea lefatše e ne e akarelletsa metsana 11: 3 ne sebakeng Latin America (Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires le Rio De Janeiro), 2 Amerika Leboea (New York le Los Angeles), 2 - ka Europe (London le Paris), le 4 - ka Asia (Tokyo, Shanghai, Osaka le Beijing). Ka 1995, 16 ea 22, mega-metse e ba linaheng tse ka tlaase ho moo tse tsoetseng pele (12 Asia, 4 Latin America le 2 Africa - Cairo le Lagos). Ka 2015, palo ea eketseha ho 42. Ba bang ba bona, 34 (ke hore, 81%) ba sebakeng dinaheng undeveloped le 8 feela - pele. Metse ea lefatše ka batho ba bangata (27 ho tsoa 42, le boikarabello bakeng sa tse ka bang peli ho ba bararo) li fumanoa Asia.

Khetheng dinaheng ea etellang pele ka palo ea metse-ralimilione ba China (101), India (57) le US (44).

Kajeno, Europe kholo ka ho fetisisa motse-moholo - Moscow, eo e ile ea etsahala bo15 le batho ba limilione tse 16. E lateloa ke Paris (29 th, sebaka le limilione tse 10.9) le London (32th le limilione tse 10.2 batho). Tlhaloso ya "motse-moholo" Moscow o ile a fumana qetellong ea lilemo tsa bo-XIX, ha palo ea sechaba ea 1897 e tlalehiloeng milione 1 batho batho ba motse.

Bonkgetheng bakeng sa, mega-metse e

agglomerates ngata hang tšela robeli millionth mokoallo. Har'a bona -. Hong Kong City, Wuhan, Hangzhou, Chongqing, Taipei-Taoyuan, joalo-joalo In US, bonkgetheng hole ka mor'a ka ho ya ka ea baahi. Ho agglomerates ea Dallas / Fort Worth (6.2 milione), San Francisco / San Jose (bwa nzoto 5.9 milione), ba limilione tse 5,8 Houston, e leng motse oa Miami, Philadelphia.

Kakaretso ea bohlokoa ea milione 8 ho fihlela joale hlōla 3 feela American metse e - New York, Los Angeles le Chicago. Baahi ba bone kholo ka ho fetisisa United States le ea pele ea Texas ke Houston. Motse oo o leng hona teng ka sebaka 64 tsa lethathamo la metsaneng kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. Litebello United States le khōlo e sa ntse e le conurbations batlang e le tse nyenyane. Mehlala ea mekhatlo joalo ke Atlanta, Minneapolis, Seattle, Phoenix le Denver.

Leruo le Mofutsana

Meaning of litoropo e kholo fapana ho k'honthinente ho k'honthinente le ho tloha naheng e 'ngoe ho' ngoe. Fapane haholo profaele ya dipalopalo, mofuta wa mosebetsi moruo, mofuta oa bolulo, boleng ba tsa dibopeho tsa motheo, khōlo ea tsona, histori ea ho fedisa. Ka mohlala, metseng ea Afrika, ho na le ho na nakong e fetileng, 'me ka tšohanyetso ba ile ba tletse metsi le tšubuhlellano e khōlō le e tsoelang pele ea ba fallang ba futsanehileng e mahaeng (boholo hona joale lihoai li), hammoho le ho atolosa ka lebaka la ho phahameng tsa tlhaho eketsang. sekhahla sa kholo e bona e ka ka makhetlo a mabeli ka karolelano ea lefatše.

Asia Bochabela, moo baahi segokanyipalo ke haholo e phahameng, e conurbation e khōlō, eo ka linako tse ling koahela sebakeng se seholo haholo 'me e akarelletsa le marangrang a metsaneng e haufi, e ne e le ka lebaka la ho maemo a ntlafala moruong.

Ka megacities Indian dikontinenteng tse di potlana joaloka Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi, Dhaka le Karachi, le tšekamelo ea ho atolosa ka qhekella mafutsana a lulang mahaeng, hammoho le tsoalo ka tsela e feteletseng. Latin America, setšoantšong le batla le fapaneng: litoropo e hlahile mona khale pele ho moo 'me o liehisa ho tloha ka 1980; karolo ea bohlokoa ho phetoho ena bonahala e phethile maano a mehaho phetoho.