Lethathamo la Russia dimela matla a nyutlelie. Bakae dimela matla a nyutlelie ho Russia

Ea nyutlelie ea fisiks, e le saense e sa tsoha ka mor'a ho sibolloa ka 1986 tsa radioactivity bo-rasaense ba Becquerel le Marie Curie, ea e-ba motheo e seng feela ba libetsa tsa nyutlelie empa hape indasteri ea nyutlelie.

Qala Nyutlelie Research Russia

Se Komisi Radium se ile sa thehoa ka 1910 St. Petersburg, e neng e akarelletsa borathutamahlale tsebahalang ka nn Beketov, A. P. Karpinsky, VI Vernadsky.

Ho ithuta radioactivity tshebetsong le ho lokolloa matla ka hare etsoa sethala pele ea nyutlelie ntshetsopeleng matla Russia, ka nako ea ho tloha ka 1921 ho 1941. Ka mor'a moo, e ile ea khoneha neutron nkhape protons theoretically tsehetsoang ka bopaki monyetla oa liphetoho tsa nyutlelie ka fission tsa uraniamo.

Tlasa boetapele ba basebetsi I. V. Kurchatova ya ditheo tsa mafapheng a sa tšoaneng e 'nile ea e tshwerweng bakeng sa mosebetsi oa itseng ka ho kenngwa tshebetsong ha ba ketane itsoara joang ka tsa uraniamo fission.

Nakong ea ho bōptjoa ha libetsa tsa nyutlelie ho USSR

Ke bo-1940, e bokeletseng e khōlō dipalopalo le e sebetsang phihlelo, o ile a lumella bo-rasaense ba ho fana ka maikutlo a boeta-pele ba naha eo e ka botsebi sebelisa bokhothokhotho eneji, le athomo. Ka 1941, cyclotron pele, eo e ileng ea nolofalletsa sa dipatlisiso hlophisitsoeng oa nyakallo ea nuclei potlakisa ions e ile ea hahoa ka Moscow. Qalong ea le thepa ntoa o ile a susumelletseha ho Ufa le Kazan, le basebetsi ba lokela ho tsamaea ka eona.

By 1943 ho na le e ne e le laboratori ea khethehileng ea khubu ea athomo tlasa boetapele ba I. V. Kurchatova, morero oa seo ka sona e ne e le popo ea bomo ea nyutlelie kapa mafura uraniamo.

Ho sebelisoa ha libomo tsa athomo ka la United States ka August 1945 ka Hiroshima le Nagasaki entse mohlala oa beng fehlweng tsa superweapon ba naha eo 'me kahoo a tlameha ho Soviet Union ho potlakisa mosebetsi oa ho bopa tsa nyutlelie tsa lona bomo.

Le ka lebaka la mehato e tlhophiso e ne e le tlhomelo ya pele uraniamo-graphite melena tsa nyutlelie tsa Russia motseng oa Sarov (Gorky Region) ka 1946. Ka teko melena F-1 le ea pele e laoloa itsoara joang ka tsa nyutlelie ile a khanna.

Industrial melena bakeng plutonium matlafatso e ile ea hahoa ka 1948 Chelyabinsk. Ka 1949, e le teko e ile khanna plutonium qoso ea nyutlelie ka teko saeteng ka Semipalatinsk.

mohato ona o ile a qala ka histori tsa go baakanyetsa ea matla malapeng nyutlelie. Le se a ntse a 1949, moralo mosebetsi ho haha ea nyutlelie matla dimela ile ha qalisoa.

Ka 1954 ka Obninsk ba qala ea lefatše ho ea pele (demo) tsa nyutlelie tlhomamiso matla batlang e le e tlase (5 MW).

Industrial kopanetsoe-morero oa melena, moo ho phaella ho hlahisa motlakase bokella ho feta le libetsa sehlopheng plutonium, o ile a kenngoa Tomsk (Seversk) ka Siberia lik'hemik'hale semela.

Russia eneji, le tsa nyutlelie: mefuta reactors

matla a nyutlelie Soviet Union e ile qalong tsepamisa maikutlo tabeng ea ho sebelisa reactors phahameng-e leng matla:

• Difapho mogote melena RBMK (RBMK); Mafura - hanyenyane ntlafatsa uraniamo dioxide e (2%), ba ikutloa ka tsela retarder - graphite setsidifatsi - phehile metsi a hloekisa ka ho deuterium le tritium (metsi khanya).
• The melena WWER (VVER) mogote neutron kenyeleditsweng ka sejana se khatello, mafura - uraniamo dioxide e ntlafatsa le 3-5% molekanyetsi - metsi, e boetse ke setsidifatsi.
• BN-600 - ho itingoe lijo neutron melena, mafura - ntlafatsa uraniamo setsidifatsi - sodium. Ea lefatše ho ea feela khoebo melena tsa mofuta ona. Hlomamisa seteisheneng Beloyarsk.
• EGP - mogote melena (eneji, le heterogeneous sekgoqetsane) sebetsa feela ka Bilibino. Tšoauoa ka hore overheating ea setsidifatsi (metsi) ho etsahala ka melena boeona. A hlokomeloe mabapi le unpromising.

Ka palo yohle, Russia ka eketsa NPP sebetsa kajeno ba diyuniti 33 le bokgoni kakaretso ea ba fetang 2300 MW:

• VVER - 17 diyuniti;
• reactors RMBK - 11 diyuniti;
• reactors BN - 1 unit trust;
• reactors EGP - 4 diboloko.

Lethathamo la Russia le Soviet lirephabliki NPP input nako ho tloha ka 1954 ho ea ho 2001.

1. 1954, Obninsk, Obninsk, Kaluga Region. Morero oa - pontšo le indasteri. Melena mofuta - AM-1. Emisoa ka 2002
2. 1958, Siberia, Tomsk-7 (Seversk) Tomsk sebakeng. Morero oa - ho ntshetsa pele libetsa-sehlopheng plutonium, mocheso eketsehileng le metsi a chesang bakeng sa Seversk le Tomsk. Melena mofuta - Ei-2, 3-Ade, Ade-4, 5-Ade. Qetellong emisoa ka 2008 tlasa tumellano e le United States.
3. 1958, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk-27 (Zheleznogorsk). Mefuta melena - Ade, Ade 1, Ade-2. Morero oa - ho ntshetsa pele libetsa-sehlopheng plutonium ho futhumatsa manya sebetsa dimela ka Krasnoyarsk. Setopong se ea ho qetela e ile ea etsahala ka 2010 tlasa tumellano e le United States.
4. 1964, Beloyarsk NPP, Zarechny, Sverdlovsk Region. Mefuta melena - AMB 100, AMB-200, BN-600 le BN-800. AMB-100 emisoa ka 1983, ho AMB-200 - ka bo-1990 liketso.
5. 1964, Novovoronezh NPP. melena mofuta - VVER beha diboloko tse hlano. Pele le la bobeli setopong. Boemo - jwale.
6. 1968, Dimitrovogradskaya, motse Melekess (Dimitrovgrad 1972) Ulyanovsk sebakeng. Mefuta e thehilweng ho etsa lipatlisiso reactors - LEFATŠE SM RBT-6, Bor-60 RBT-10/1 RBT-10/2, VC-50. Bor-60 le VC-50 hlahisa motlakase eketsehileng. Kamehla atoloswa setopong nako. Boemo - seteisheneng feela le reactors lipatlisiso. Hakanngoa koaloa - 2020.
7. 1972, Shevchenko (Mangyshlak), Aktau, Kazakhstan. BN, emisoa ka 1990.
8. 1973, Kola NPP, Polar Zori Murmansk sebakeng. A mane VVER. Boemo - jwale.
9. 1973, Leningrad, Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad sebakeng. A mane melena RMBK-1000 (ho tsoana le ho ka Chernobyl). Boemo - jwale.
10. 1974. Bilibino NPP Bilibino, Chukotka ikemetseng tsela bohale. Types of reactors - AMB (hona joale emisoa), BN le tse 'nè EGP. Ho nka bohato.
11. 1976. Kursk, Kurchatov Lipetsk sebakeng. reactors mane beha RMBK-1000. Ho nka bohato.
12. 1976. Armenia, ea Metsamor, Armenia. pele a khaotsa ho ka 1989, e 'meli VVER yuniti, ketso bobeli.
13. 1977. Chernobyl, Chernobyl, Ukraine. reactors mane beha RMBK-1000. Ea le literata bone timetsoa ka 1986, unit trust bobeli e ile a khaotsa ho ka 1991, pele - ka 1996, oa boraro e - ka 2000
14. 1980. Rovno, Kuznetsovsk, Rivne sebakeng., Ukraine. Tharo diyuniti ka reactors VVER. Ho nka bohato.
15. 1982. Smolensk, Desnogorsk Smolensk sebakeng, diyuniti tse pedi le VVER-1000 RMBK. Ho nka bohato.
16. 1982. South Ukraine NPP Yuzhnoukrainsk, Mykolayiv sebakeng., Ukraine. Tharo VVER. Ho nka bohato.
17. 1983. Ignalina, Visaginas (eo e neng Ignalina setereke), Lithuania. Tse pedi RMBK melena. ka kopo ya European Union emisoa ka 2009 (ka kena EEC).
18. 1984. Kalinin NPP, Udomlya Tver sebakeng. Tse pedi VVER. Ho nka bohato.
19. 1984. Zaporozhye, Energodar, Ukraine. Tse tsheletseng diboloko mo VVER ena. Ho nka bohato.
20. 1985. Balakovo, Balakovo, Saratov sebakeng. A mane VVER. Ho nka bohato.
21. 1987. Khmelnytsky, Neteshin, Khmelnitsky sebakeng., Ukraine. VVER ngoe. Ho nka bohato.
22. 2001. Rostov (Volgodonsk), Volgodonsk, Rostov sebakeng. By 2014, sebetsa ka litene tse peli tsa reactors VVER. diyuniti tse pedi tlas'a ho haha.

Matla a nuclere mor'a ho hlaheloa ke kotsi Chernobyl

1986 e bile e bolaeang ho indasteri e. Liphello tsa ho hlaheloa ke koluoa e entsoeng ke motho ba ne ba sa lebelloang ho moloko oa batho hore tšusumetso e tsoang ho tsa tlhaho e ne e le koalo oa ba bangata dimela matla a nyutlelie. palo ea dimela matla a nyutlelie lefatšeng ka bophara o ile a hana. Ile ra emisoa ke Soviet Union tlas'a porojeke e ne kaho ha liteishene tsa malapeng feela, empa hape mose ho maoatle.

Lethathamo la Russia dimela matla a nyutlelie, kaho ea e leng o ne a emisitswe:

• Gorkovskaya AST (futhumatsang dimela);
• Crimea;
• Voronezh AST.

Lethathamo la Russia dimela tsa nyutlelie matla, hlakotsoe nakong ea moralo le earthworks tsa go baakanyetsa:

• Arkhangelsk;
• Volgograd;
• Bochabela bo Hōle;
• Ivanovskaia AST (futhumatsang dimela);
• Karelian Karelian NPP NPP-2;
• Krasnodar.

Tlohetsoe dimela matla a nyutlelie Russia: Sesosa

Ho fumana setša kaho ya molato tectonic - mabaka a bontšitsoeng mehloli molaoli sa ho pholosa Russia kaho ea nyutlelie matla dimela. Map of libakeng tse matla haholo litšisinyeho tsa lefatše tsa naha ikarolang Crimea-Caucasus-Kopetdag libaka Baikal karohano, Altai-Sayan, Bochabela bo Hōle le Priamurskaya.

From ntlha ena ea pono ea kaho Crimean seteishene (pele le literata itokisa - 80%) o ile a ha e le hantle qala ho sa hlokahale. Lebaka la sebele bakeng sa ho pholosa matla a setseng ka theko e boima e ile ea sa thabiseng boemo bo - e mathata a moruo ka USSR. Ka nako eo ba ne ba conserved (ka ho toba le kenngoa bakeng sa embezzlement), libaka tse ngata liindasteri, ho sa tsotellehe tekanyo tse phahameng tsa ho itokisa.

Rostov NPP: ea resumption ea kaho khahlanong le maikutlo a sechaba

Kaho ea semela ile a qala ka 1981. Ka 1990, ka tlas'a khatello ea ho oa sechaba a sebetsang a Lekhotla la Lebatooa amohetse qeto ka kaho ea paballo. Ho itokisa tsa ea le literata pele ka nako eo e ne e se e 95% le 2nd - 47%.

Lilemo tse robeli hamorao, ka 1998, o ne a e ntlafalitsoeng e thaothelang sesole e ile ea pele, palo ea diyuniti e fokotsehile ho tse peli. Ka May 2000, kaho e ile a qalella ho, 'me ka May 2001 unit pele e lithuto tsa ka ho theiboleng ena. Qalang selemong se latelang, e ile a qalella kaho ea bobeli e. The lonthja ho qetela o ne a e chechisetsoang morao linako tse 'maloa,' me ka March 2010 e neng e tšoaretsoe mabapi lona ho theiboleng ba Federation le Serussia.

Rostov NPP unit trust 3

Ka 2009, ho etsa qeto e ne e entsoe ka ntshetsopele ya Rostov matla a nyutlelie dimela le ho hlongoa hae ho na le masakana a mane ho feta ka lebaka la reactors VVER.

Fanoeng boemo jwale ka mofani wa thepa motsotso motlakase ka Crimean hloahloeng e lokela ho ba Rostov NPP. 3 unit trust ka December 2014 ile amanang ho tsamaiso matla a Federation Serussia ho fihlela matla a bonyane. Ke lilemong tsa bo-2015 e rerile ho qala tshebetso khoebo (1011 MW), e leng lokela ho fokotsa menyetla ea haellang ea motlakase ho tloha Ukraine ho Crimea.

eneji, le libetsa tsa nyutlelie ka Serussia morao-rao

Ke tšimoloho ea 2015 tsohle dimela matla a nyutlelie Russia (jaana le hahuoa) ke ka tiasa yona ba "Rosenergoatom" amehoang ka tsona. Maqakabetsi a ka lefapha la ka mathata le tahlehelo di hlōla. Ke tšimoloho ea 2015 Russia ho na le tse 10 tsa nyutlelie dimela matla tlasa kaho - 5 fatše 'me le eme le nngwe phaphametseng.

Lethathamo la Russia dimela matla a nyutlelie ho sebetsa ka e le qalo ea 2015:

• Beloyarsk (thehwa ha tshebetso - 1964).
• Novovoronezh Nyutlelie Power Plant (1964).
• Kola Nyutlelie Power Plant (1973).
• Leningrad (1973).
• Bilibino (1974).
• Lipetsk (1976).
• Smolensk (1982).
• Kalinin NPP (1984).
• Balakovo (1985).
• Rostov (2001).

Russia ea nyutlelie dimela matla hahuoa

• Baltic NPP, Neman, Kaliningrad sebakeng. Literateng tse peli ka lebaka la ho reactors VVER-1200. Kaho qala ka 2012. Qala - ka ka 2017, le bokgoni ba etselitsoeng - ka 2018

E rerile hore Baltic NPP tla Export motlakase ho ea linaheng European: Sweden, Lithuania, Latvia. motlakase thekiso ka Russia ba tla etsoa ka tsamaiso Lithuanian matla.

• Beloyarsk NPP-2, Zarechny, Sverdlovsk sebakeng, ka sebakeng sena hona joale. E mong unit trust - thehiloeng BN-800 melena. Qalong rerile bakeng sa tlhomelo ya nnete ka 2014 e se e ile a khaotsa ka lebaka la ho e khutšoanyane phepelo ea Ukraine mabapi le liketsahalo tsa lipolotiki tsa 2014.
• Leningrad NPP-2 Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad sebakeng. seteishene Chetyrehblokovaya e thehiloeng reactors VVER-1200. E tla ka nkang sebaka sa Sela (Leningrad). Unit pele e rerile ho hlahisang ka 2015, e latelang - ka ka 2017, 2018, de 2019. ka ho latellana.
• Novovoronezh NPP-2 Novovoronezh Voronezh sebakeng, haufi le ketso. O tla nka sebaka sa rerile kaho ya diboloko tse 'nè, pele - ka lebaka la ho reactors VVER-1200, e latelang - VVER-1300. Tšimoloho ea matla a moralo - ka 2015 (unit pele).
• Rostov (cm,. Ka holimo).

Ea nyutlelie Power Industry ea Lefatše ka Bophara: kakaretso

Karolong e ka European ea naha hahoa hoo e ka bang tsohle Russia ea nyutlelie dimela matla. Map lipolanete tokisetsong ena ea nyutlelie dimela matla bontša ea mahloriso lintho ho latela libaka tse 'nè: Europe, Bochabela bo Hōle (Japan, China, Korea), Bochabela bo Hare, Amerika Bohareng. Ho ea ka IAEA, ka bana di le 440 reactors tsa nyutlelie sebetsa ka 2014.

dimela matla a nyutlelie li concentrated dinaheng tse latelang:

• US tsa nyutlelie dimela matla hlahisa 836 630 000 000 kWh / selemo ..;
• Fora - 439 730 000 000 kWh / selemo ;.
• Japane - 263 830 000 000 kWh / selemo ;.
• Russia - 160 040 000 000 kWh / selemo ;.
• ka Korea - 142 940 000 000 kWh / selemo ;.
• Jeremane - 140 530 000 000 kWh / selemo ..