Ke thata go raya seo - linnete tsa histori le temoho jwale

Seo ke thata go raya - lesedi reretsoe ho se feela ea kopana le ho nyoreloa ho tsebo tseba lintho 'mali, empa o boetse o na le kopo e sebetsang ka batho bao mesebetsi di amanang le tlhokahalo ea maikutlo le ho e lokisa ya bophahamo ba modumo kgolo ya mongolo o buile.

preconditions histori ea tshwaraganya

ABC, thehoa lekholong la lilemo la bo9 la ditaelo tsa Byzantium Moemphera barab'abo rōna ba Cyril le Methodius, ho sebelisoa bakeng sa phetolelo ea libuka Segerike thuto ea bolumeli ka Maslav. Empa ho hlaka le boiketlo tsa tšebeliso ea Cyrillic tsamaiso ea alfabeta letšoao tlatsetsa ka potlako 'me ka bophara phatlalatso ea Maslav Ngotsoe Puo le sebelisa, eseng feela ka ho boemong ba bolumeli, empa hape le ba ntlo le khoebo boemong ba.

Ho ea qetellong ea lekholo la bo10 Maslav alfabeta ea qala ho sebelisoa ka sebaka sa Khale boemo Russia e le puo e kereke. Khale puo ea Seslavone butle-butle fetola tlas'a tšusumetso ea East Maslav puo colloquial, eo tlisa likarolo e mecha ea ho eona.

ngotsoeng ka letsoho Extant ba lumeletse bo-rasaense ba ho trace ho iphetola ha lintho ea pontšo ea bontša Cyrillic. Mekhahlelo ea diphetolo tsa boholo-holo fonte kenyeletsa lengolo molao (ea ngotsoeng ka letsoho ho fetisisa ea boholo-holo ho intša khutlela lekholong la bo11 la lilemo), seka-uncial, sebelisoa ho tloha lekholong la bo14 la lilemo 'me e ile ea e ea mohlala bakeng sa taba e ngotsoeng ea libuka pele hatisoa Russia,' me tshwaraganya, se hlahileng hoo e ka bang ka nako le halfuncial.

Mekhahlelo ea ho hōla ea tsamaiso Russia tshwaraganya

Old Russia tshwaraganya hlaha e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea khoebo lengolo, empa ntle hang fumanoeng tšebeliso bophara. Se tshwaraganya, ho ne ho tsebahala hore batho ka kakaretso, 'me e ne e sebelisoa ka likarolong tsohle tsa bophelo.

Ka lilemo tse ngata 16-17 tshwaraganya fetoha hoo e batlang e le ikemetseng le theha mofuta o mong oa ho ngola, ba bang ba likarolo tsa tsona li e-s'o fetohe ka nako ea r ¯ ona.

Lipontšo tsa sehlooho tsa tshwaraganya

Tshwaraganya ne a 'maloa a makgetha a ho ikhethang. Phapang ka sehloohong ho tloha mefuta e meng ea lingoliloeng tsa khale Serussia e ne e le hoo e ka bang ka ho feletseng a ho lahloa kherehloa ea geometricity tšoaea e simplification bohlokoa tsa khale mongolo mangolo, boiketlo le lebelo la setšoantšo. Theha litlhaku fapaneng tse lekaneng, ho fapane ho ngola mangolo tlhakakgolo le lowercase, setaele atile lichapo, loops, e atolositsoeng e fetela ka nģ'ane ho moeli, ho na le leeme momahana mangolo.

Le takatso ea ho eketsa lebelo ho ngoloa thulaganyou e butle-butle se ile sa etsa hore ba le bolokolohi bo eketsehileng le boiketlo ba lettering, ponahalo ea mefuta-futa ea litšoantšo tsa bona (mongolo) logan mongolo mela.

tshwaraganya ea lehae

Halofo ea pele ea lekholo la bo18 la lilemo e feta ka eaba ba etsa tshwaraganya bitsoa khale Serussia-rahistori. Ho ba sethaleng e latelang ea ntshetsopele ya mongolo tshwaraganya Russia, hamorao bitsoa ea lehae. E tšoauoa ke ho nolofatsa le proportionality ba le letšoao, bo felisoe ba bang ba thepa ea motheo, ho feta balegang.

The liphetoho etsoa ke Peter ke ka mathoasong a lekholo la bo18 la lilemo, ea nyamela ho tswa alfabeta ea mangolo 10 le ho na le e ne e le tse ncha 4 (E, E, Q, R), matshwao taekrithiki di hlakotsoe. Ho na le e ne e le mopeleto le arohaneng mantsoe le lipoleloana, tsamaiso e ntshetswa pele kabo ea mangolo-moholo.

Ho hlaha ha litlhaku e bonolo ho feta, e loketseng le e utloisisehang tlatsetsa tsoelo-pele ea Serussia lingoliloeng, bala le ho ngola le ho ruta. Sebelisoa ka ea lehae tshwaraganya fonte e sebediswa bakeng sa ho hatisa mesebetsi ea bongoling ba botho ba boipheliso, lipampiri tsa saense, litokomane tsa 'muso, likōpo tse matla.

Ka ntshetsopeleng ka ho eketsehileng le tšusumetso ea lehae tshwaraganya ama Latin mongolo tsamaiso. Ke Bohareng ba lekholo la bo19 la lilemo, ha thehoa tshwaraganya eo fonte e sebediswa le phetoho ho fokolang kapa ha ho na mehleng ea rōna.

Se thata go raya kajeno

Ho na le litsela tse sa tšoaneng ho mongolo lebelo, e thehiloeng tabeng ea ho sebelisa mantsoe a khutsufalitsoeng direkoto tsa tsamaiso ea - mafoko-khutshwafatso, khutsufalitsoeng, mafoko-khutshwafatso. Stenography, thata go raya, semantografiya, lintlha - mekhoa ea ho ngola phahameng-lebelo, ngola tsela e fapaneng hore ba tlalehe tlhahisoleseding, ho sebelisa tsamaiso ea itseng ea matsoho, morero oa hae.

phetolelo tshwaraganya

Mabapi le potso ea hore phetolelo, ke hore tshwaraganya, ke e mong oa ba ka sehloohong bakeng sa ho fetolela le ba tšoanelehang, haholo-holo ka molomo latellanang.

Ho fapana le thata go raya e, ha e le hantle le tlaleho verbatim kapa ela hloko-ho tsoela pele, e thehiloeng fokotswa mongolo ho theosa le hantle e khōlō, tshwaraganya phetolelo liketso e le hantle, e memori kapa bo thusang ho bolela, ketso e atlehang bakeng sa tshegetsa le go tlotla ea temana ea ntle le mojaro bohlokoa. E lumella u ho fokotsa ho lahleheloa ke lesedi ha fetisetsa e khōlō palo ya melaetsa ka mantsoe. Tshwaraganya sebelisitsoe ka phetolelo, hase e bonolo fixation ea temana eo, 'me e tsamaisana le tlhaloso subjective ho itšehla le fetisetsa melaetsa senotlolo tlhahisoleseding.

Basics mokhoa

melao-motheo le mekhoa tseo bokahohleng phetolelo tshwaraganya kenyeletsa le ho khetha mantsoe ka moelelo khōlō ka ho fetisisa, tse itseng tsamaiso e khopo ho rekota e tlaleha Kantle ho liluma-nosi le bohareng ba mantsoe, 'me ho se lilumi habeli, ho sebelisa matšoao sebakeng sa litlhaku tsa ngola lipalo labeled semantic.

Le bonolo le ka bokgoni ba ho batho bao ho buuoang ke lebelo kgatisong, ho hlaka, bokhoni ba ho tsepamisa mohopolo ka diteng tsa taba e ngotsoeng ka ho ba sethaleng sa maikutlo. E mong le e mofetoleli rerang le ho khetha batho bao ho buuoang ka bobona ba le bang, 'me hangata ho sebelisoa matšoao bona bao e seng puo.

Ho fihlela joale, ho sebelisa ea tsamaiso phahameng-lebelo ho rekota e butle-butle ho lahleheloa ke kamano ea eona ka lebaka la tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji. Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa ba etsa mesebetsi phetolelo, re tseba hore e joalo e thata go raya, ke netefatso ya botsebi bona.