Sebopeho, Pale
Ka leboea-bochabela Russia: principality, setso, histori le ntshetsopele ya sebakeng sa
Ho fumana hore na tlhaloganya sebaka mebuso sehlopha RUS lula pakeng tsa Volga le Oka ka IX-XII makholo a lilemo, bo-rahistori ba ile ba amohela ka sebelisoa poleloana e reng "North-Eastern Russia". Le bua ka naha leshano ka hare ho Rostov 'me Suzdal, Vladimir. Ho hlokehang hape ho neng ho tšoana mantsoe a, ho bonahatsa mokhatlo mehaho boemo lilemong fapaneng - ". The Grand Duchy ea Vladimir" "Rostov-Suzdal", "Vladimir-Suzdal principality," le Ka halofo ea bobeli ea XIII lekholong la lilemo la Russia, le ileng la bitsoa North-Bochabela, ha e le hantle o khaotsa ho ba teng - hore li kentse letsoho ho tse ngata tsa lintho tse etsahalang.
Grand babusisi Rostov
All tse tharo tsa principality ea ka leboea-bochabela Russia pooled naha e tšoanang ba ile ba fetola ho theosa le lilemo, empa motse-moholo le babusi. E leng motse oa pele oa ho haha ka likarolo tsena, e bile Rostov, ka litlaleho tsa histori ho buuoa ka eona letsatsi khutlela 862 BC. e. Pele ho meloko ea hae Mothehi lula mona Meria, 'me bohle bao e leng ea Finno-Ugric lichaba. meloko Maslav joalo litšoantšo e ne e le a se ke a moea, 'me ba - krivichi, vyatichi, Ilmen Slovenes - ba' nile ba ka mafolofolo kolone ea naha.
Ka mor'a hore sebopeho sa Rostov, e leng har'a metse e mehlano kholo ka ho fetisisa tlas'a puso ea 'khosana ea Kiev, Oleg, ho buuoa ka Meria le metsaneng ne ho bonolo hore ba hlaha ka litlaleho. Ba bang ba nako e Rostov a busa proteges ea likhosana Kievan, empa ka 987 ho Principality se a busa Yaroslav Mudry - mora oa Vladimir, khosana ea Kiev. Le 1010-go th - Boris. Ho fihlela 1125, ha motse-moholo o ile a isoa ho tloha Rostov ho principality Suzdal fetisoa ho tloha ka letsohong le ho nehelana ho babusi ba Kiev, ho ne babusi ba lona. Ka ho fetisisa tummeng Rostov likhosana + - Vladimir Monomakh Yuri Dolgoruky - entse haholo ke ho ntshetsopele ya North-Eastern Russia, se ile sa etsa hore katleho ea naha ena, empa ka mor'a nakoana ba Dolgoruky tšoanang ba ile ba fallela motse-moholo ho Suzdal, moo a ileng a busa ho fihlela 1149. Empa ba ne ba haha liqhobosheane tse ngata le likereke ka mokhoa oa mohaho tšoanang serf ilelegi le boholo weighted, ho Squat. Ha Dolgoruky tse tsoetseng pele tse ngotsoeng ka puo, bonono le Crafts.
lefa Rostov
Ka mor'a ho fallela Yuriya Dolgorukogo ka Suzdal Rostov ha Izyaslav Mstislavovich melao, empa butle-butle tšusumetso ea motse a qetella a fihla ho naught, 'me e ile ea qala ka litlalehong tsa histori bolele ka seoelo haholo. Center Duchy halofo ea lekholong la lilemo la isoa Suzdal.
The nobility feudal emisoa mansions bakeng sa bona, ha botaki le balemi ile ka koalloa ka matlo a lehong. mahae a bona ho feta joaloka cellars, lintho tse ba ntlo e ne e le boholo ba lehong. Empa ka likamoreng hotetsa Lucin hlahetse keng ea lekanngoa, liaparo, mabothobotho. All le tsejoang, a mo tsoalla le kamoo ho khabisa litora tsa bona, o phethile matsoho ya balemi le botaki. setso e babatsehang ea North-Eastern Russia o ne a bōpiloe tlasa joang a matlo a lehong.
Rostov-Suzdal
Lilemong tsa bo khutšoanyane ho fihlela bohareng ba North-Eastern Russia e ne e le Suzdal principality ne ho busa ka tsohle tse tharo tsa khosana ena. Ho phaella ho lekhotla la, bara ba hae - cornflowers Yu le Andrew Yu, ba mo reneketsa Bogolyubsky, 'me ka nako eo, ka mor'a ho fetiswa ha motse-moholo ho Vladimir (ka 1169) ka Suzdal selemo busa Mstislav Rostislavovich Bezoky, empa karolo e khethehileng e phetha ka histori Serussia. likhosana tsohle tsa leboea-bochabela Russia theohileng Rurik, empa hase bohle ba e ne e le mofuta o tšoaneloa ke.
Ha Yuri, ea molemo a tsejoa e le mothehi oa Moscow, ho ne ho tse ling tsa bohlokoa tsa histori ea Russia ketsahalo. Ho joalo, e ne e le nakong ea puso Dolgoruky ka leboea-bochabela principality ile ka thōko ho tloha Kiev ka ho sa feleng. A karolo ea e khōlō ena e ile bapetse le e mong oa bara ba Yuri - Andrew Bogolyubskii hore patrimony e halalelang o ne a rata ntate oa le neng ke sa nahane ke ntle le oa hae.
Ntoa e khahlanong le bahlomphehi le le ho khetha le motse-moholo o mocha oa Russia
Merero Yuriya Dolgorukogo, eo ho eona a ileng a bona bara ba hae ba baholo, babusi ba mebuso e ka boroa, 'me e monyenyane - beng ba Rostov' me Suzdal, 'me ba ne ba sa phethahala. Empa karolo ea bona e ka litsela tse itseng o ne a esita le bohlokoa ho feta. Ho joalo, Andrew o ile a phatlalatsa a re ke 'musi ea bohlale' me hole bonang ka mokhoa. botho ba hae ba tsoileng tseleng ba ikakhela ka setotsoana ho na le litho tsa boto ea eona ea bahlomphehi, empa mona Bogolyubskii bontša thato ea bona ka ho fallela motse-moholo, ho tloha Suzdal ho Vladimir, 'me joale a nka ka boeena o Kiev ka 1169.
Leha ho le joalo, motse-moholo oa Kievan RUS sa khahloa motho enoa. Kaha hlōla bobeli motse le sehlooho sa "Grand Duke", ha aa ka a lula Kiev, 'me ae lema e le' musisi oa moen'ae Gleb. Rostov 'me Suzdal, o ile a boela a nka karolo ea sa reng letho ka histori ea lilemong tseo, e ka nako eo motse-moholo oa North-Eastern Russia e ne e le Vladimir. motse ona Andrei o ile a khetha ho lula ha hae ka 1155, nako e telele pele ho hlōla Kiev. Ho tswa ho magosana ka boroa, moo a ileng a busa ka nako e itseng, o ile a tlisa ho Vladimir le letšoao la 'Mè oa Molimo oa Vyshgorod, e leng e hlompha haholo.
Le ho khetha motse-moholo e atlehile haholo: hoo e ka bang makholo a mabeli lilemo tse, motse e neng e tšoaretsoe ka seatleng sa Russia. Rostov 'me Suzdal ne ba leka ho boele a bone khanya ea pele e neng e, empa esita le ka mor'a lefu la Andrew, eo seniority e le Grand Duke ile a hlokomela ka ho hoo e ka bang linaheng tsohle Russia, ntle le hore le Chernigov le Galic, ha baa ka ba atleha.
infighting
Ka mor'a lefu la Andreya Bogolyubskogo Suzdal le Rostov Bua le bara ba Rostislav Yurevich - Yaropolk le Mstislav - ka tšepo ea hore puso ea bona e tla khutlela motse khanyeng 'mōpi oa lona, empa nako e telele letetsoe kopanngoa tsa North-Eastern Russia e-s'o fihle.
Vladimir busa bara ba ka tlaase Yuriya Dolgorukogo - Mikhalkov le Vsevolod. Ka nako eo motse-moholo e ncha e se e haholo matlafatsa bohlokoa tsa lona. Andrew o ile a ho hongata ho etsa: katleho ntshetswa pele ka kaho, nakong ea puso ea hae e ile ea hahoa ea tummeng Cathedral of nkuwa, o ile a ba bile ba batla ho thehoa ha ka archdiocese arohaneng ka principality hae ho le arohile Kiev.
North-Eastern Russia nakong ea puso ea Bogolyubsky ea e-ba setsi sa ho kopanngoa ha linaheng tse Russia, 'me hamorao le khubung ea naha e moholo Serussia. Ka mor'a lefu la Andrew ea Smolensk le Ryazan likhosana Mstislav le Jaropolk - bana ba e mong oa bara ba Dolgoruky Rostislav leka ho inkela matla a ho Vladimir, empa bo-rangoane bona Michael le Vsevolod ne ba le matla. Ho phaella moo, ba ne ba tšehelitsoe ke Prince Chernigovskiy Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich. Civil ntoa e ile ea nka lilemo tse fetang tse tharo, ka mor'a moo Vladimir secured boemo ba motse-moholo oa North-East ea Russia, le letšehali, 'me Suzdal, Rostov le lefa la tlase tsa mebuso.
Ho tloha Kiev ho Moscow
linaheng tse ka leboea-bochabela ea Russia totaled ka nako eo a mangata litoropong le metseng. Kahoo, motse-moholo e ncha e thehiloe a 990 ke Vladimirom Svyatoslavovichem esita le joalokaha Vladimir-on-Klyazma. Lilemo tse ka bang mashome a mabeli ka mor'a ho thehoa lona, motse, karolo ea Rostov-Suzdal principality, ba ne ba sa etsa hore ho be le thahasello e ngata har'a likhosana busa (ho fihlela ho 1108). Ka nako ena, ho ile ha nka ho fihlela ho e matlafatsang ea khosana e 'ngoe - Vladimir Monomakh. O ne a fuoa motse boemo ba bapisitsoe le ntlha ea North-Eastern Russia.
'Nete ea hore motse sena se senyenyane tla qetellong e be motse-moholo oa linaha Russia, ne a ke ke emola tsa mang kapa mang. Ho ile ha nka lilemo tse ngata ho feta pele Andrew o ile a lebisa tlhokomelo ea hae ho lona 'me ba ile ba fallela motse-moholo oa principality hae, e leng tla ba ka bang makholo a mabeli lilemo tse.
Ho tloha ka nako eo, e Moholo Duke ea Vladimir o ile a qala ho tlotlisoa, ho ena le Kiev, motse-moholo oa boholo-holo oa Russia o lahlehetsoe ke karolo ea lona senotlolo, empa thahasello e sa lahlehile har'a likhosana. Fetola Kiev bakeng sa tlhompho hlompha e mong. Empa ho tloha bohareng ba XIV lekholong la lilemo la hang mathōkong a motse oa Vladimir-Suzdal principality - Moscow - butle empa ka sebele o ile a qala ho tsoha. Vladimir tšoana le ka nako eo Rostov 'me Suzdal,' me joale - ho lahleheloa ke tšusumetso ea oona. O tlatsetsa haholo ho fallela tšoeu-lejoe le Metropolitan Peter ka 1328. Likhosana tsa leboea-bochabela Russia loana har'a bona, 'me ba Moscow le Tver babusi etsa sohle se matleng a bona ho hlōla Vladimir sebelisa monyetla oa ho motse o ka sehloohong oa linaha Serussia.
Qetellong ea lekholo la lilemo la XIV oa tšoauoa ke ha e le hantle hore beng ea moo na le tokelo ea ho bitsoa Grand Duke ea Moscow, kahoo Moscow Molemo holim'a metse e meng ile ha totobala. Grand Duke Vladimir Dmitry Donskoy ho qetela o ne a roala sehlooho se reng, ka mor'a babusi bohle ba Russia ba tlotlisoa Grand Duke ea Moscow. Ka tsela eo e ile ea fela ea ntshetsopele ya North-Eastern Russia le ikemetseng, esita overriding le principality.
Sithabetsa hang e matla principality
Ka mor'a ho fallela Moscow Metropolitan Vladimir principality le ile la aroloa. Vladimir Suzdal likhosana tsa nehelana Alexander, Veliky Novgorod le Kostroma o neng o tlas'a puso ea hae Khosana ea Moscow Ivan Danilovich Kalita. Yury Dolgoruky ntse batla ho kenya tshebetsong le bonngoeng ba North-Eastern Russia le Novgorod e Moholo - qetellong, ho etsa, empa e se nako e telele.
Ka mor'a lefu la Suzdal Prince Alexander, ka 1331, naha ea hae e fetisitswe ho likhosana tsa Moscow. 'Me lilemo tse 10 hamorao, ka 1341-limithara, naha ea pele e neng e North-Eastern Russia ba ile ba boela kabobotjha ya: Nizhny Novgorod ba ile ba ea Suzdal ka Gorodets, Vladimir le principality haesale ba sala le Moscow babusi, ba ka nako eo, e le ho se ho boletsoe, hape o ne a roala Great sehlooho. Ka tsela eo ho ile ha hlaha ea Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal Principality.
Trekking ka likhosana North-East RUS tloha boroa le e bohareng ba naha, militancy bona, tlatsetsa ho fokolang hore tsoelo-pele ea setso le bonono. Leha ho le joalo hohle hore ba haha litempele tse ncha ka moralo eo sebelisoa mekhoa molemo ka ho fetisisa ea bonono le Crafts. Ho etsa hore sekolo ea sechaba ea letšoao penta le tšobotsi ea nako eo ka mekhabiso e khanyang tse mebala-bala, ho kopantswe le ho penta Byzantium.
Naha-grabbing Russia Mamongolia
Tse ngata litsietsi batho ba Russia tlisitse lintoa tsa lehae, 'me a loana har'a bona likhosana tsa nako eo, empa bothata bo eketsehileng tšabehang tla ho Mamongolia ka February 1238. The eohle ea North-Eastern Russia (motse oa Rostov, Yaroslavl, Moscow, Vladimir, Suzdal, Uglich, Tver) o ne a sa tsoa ripitla - o ile a hoo e ka bang chesoa fatše. Lebotho la Prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich ile robehile detachment Temnik Burundi, khosana shoa, 'me mor'abo Yaroslav Vsevolod ile a tlameha ho fana ka ho Horde tsohle. Mongol-Tatars molao feela mo tseba e le e moholo oa likhosana tsohle tsa Serussia, e le hantle, bohle ba refueled. The polls hlōla Russia feela khona ho pholoha Great Novgorod.
Ka 1259, Alexander Nevsky ne a bala sechaba ka Novgorod, e qapa leano la 'muso le ka litsela tsohle khoneha ho matlafatsa boemo ba eona. Lilemo tse tharo hamorao, ka Yaroslavl, Rostov, Suzdal Pereyaslavl le Vladimir ho ile ha bolaoa babokelli ba lekhetho, Russia North-Eastern hape tla ho eme ka ho tebello ea futuheloa ke le timetso. tekanyo ena punitive ile qojoa - Alexander Nevsky le batho ka bomong ile a ea Horde le khona ho thibela mathata, empa o ile a shoa ka tsela e ka morao. Sena se etsahetse ka 1263. Feela mabotho a hae a ile a khona ho boloka ba bang ba botšepehi ba Vladimir principality ka mor'a lefu la Alexandere, ho arohana ka fiefdoms ikemetseng.
Ho lokolloa ha Russia ho tswa ho joko ea Tatars, ho tsosolosoa ha bonono le ntshetsopele setso
Tšosang e 'nile lilemo ... Ka lehlakoreng le leng - the tlhaselo ea North-Eastern Russia, ka tse ling tse - ho na le ho tsoela pele likhohlano pholoha magosana bakeng sa letlotlo le tsa linaha tse ncha. A utloa bohloko bohle: le babusi le bafo ba bona. Tokoloho ho tswa ho Mongol khans tla feela ka 1362. Serussia Lithuanian lebotho la tlas'a taelo ea Duke Algirdas hlōla Tatars, displacing nomads tsena tsohle hantle o rata ntoa ho tloha Vladimir-Suzdal, Muscovy, Pskov sebakeng le sebakeng Novgorod.
Lilemong tse ile a qeta tlas'a joko ea sera, bile le liphello tse bohloko: setso tsa North-Eastern Russia e tla ho eme ka ho feletseng. Tšenyeho ea metseng e meholo, ho timetsoa ha likereke, ho timetsoa ha karolo e khōlō ea baahi e le, e le lebaka leo - ho lahleheloa ke mefuta e meng ea mesebetsi ea matsoho. Ka tse peli le halofo le makholo a lilemo a khaotsa setso le khoebo ntshetsopeleng ya mmuso. liemahale tse ngata tsa lehong le lejoe mehaho ba ile ba bolaoa ka mollo kapa ba ne ba le Horde ka. ba bangata ba mekhoa ea kaho di lahlehileng, slesarstva le mesebetsi ea matsoho tse ling. direkoto tsa tse ngata tse ngotsoeng li nyamela ntle le moneketsela le, matsatsi, bonono le crafts penta tlile ho eme ka ho feletseng. Ho ile ha nka hoo e ka bang halofo ea lekholong la lilemo la ho hlaphoheloa le e nyenyane eo o ile a khona ho pholosa. Empa ntshetsopele ya mefuta e mecha ea mosebetsi oa matsoho a tsoela ka potlako.
Linaheng tse batho tse ripitliloeng ba khona ho boloka ea sechaba boitsebiso ba eona bo ikhethang le ho rata setso sa boholo-holo. Ka litsela tse ling, lilemong tse ho itšetlehile ka Tatars ne lebaka bakeng sa ho hlaha ha mefuta e mocha oa bonono le Crafts ea Russia.
Bonngoe ba lijalo le naha
Ka mor'a ho lokolloa ha ho tswa joko ea likhosana tse ngata Russia o ile a phutholoha ho bona qeto ea le buella lenyalo la matlotlo a bona ka ho boemong ba ho ba se nang balekane. Litsi tsa tsoaloa bocha le tokoloho le setso Serussia ba ile ba qala ho Novgorod le Pskov naha. Ke hona mona moo e ile e minyelelitse tloha libakeng ka boroa le e bohareng ea baahi sebetsa-lilemo, ba tlisa le bona le meetlo ea khale ea setso sa bona, ho ngola, mehaho. Le ea bohlokoa haholo ka ho kopanngoa ha linaheng tse Russia le tsosolosoa ha setso e 'nile ea tshusumetso ya ho Moscow principality, le nang le ba bangata ba litokomane la mehleng ea khale, libuka, bonono.
Kaho ea metse le litempele, 'me liqhobosheane. Tver ne mohlomong motse oa pele ka North-Eastern Russia, moo Lejoe kaho qala. Re bua ka mosebetsi oa kaho ea kereke ea fetoha sebōpeho ka mokhoa oa Vladimir-Suzdal mehaho. Ka e mong le e ba motse, hammoho le mehaho e itšireletsa ho ile ha hahoa likereke tseo le matlong a baitlami ea Mopholosi ka tšolloa yl, Petrose le Pauluse ba ka mosuhi oa matlalo e le, Basil ka Hill ka Pskov Epiphany ka Zapskove le ba bang ba bangata. History of North-Eastern Russia e ile ea bonahala 'me a tsoela pele ka mehaho ena.
Penta a tsosolosa Feofan Grek, Daniil Cherny le Andrei Rublev - tummeng Russia painters letšoao. Master jeweler o didirisiwa tse sa liemahale lahlehileng, botaki ba bangata ba ile ba sebetsa ka ho tsosolosoa ha tsebo ea ho bōpa lintho ea sechaba ba ntlo, ho roala mabenyane a, liaparo. Karolo e khōlō ea lilemo o fihlile ho matsatsi a rōna.
Similar articles
Trending Now