Hutsuls - ba u? Lichaba tsa Bophirimela Ukraine. Li hokae hutsuly

"... Hutsuls. Ke bo-mang batho tsee? "Potso ena e ha a hlaha ka linako tse ling ba neng ba bonyane hang thahasello ea setso sa batho ba linaheng tsa boahelani.

Leha ho le joalo, karabo ea eona ke ha bonolo, esita le bakeng sa Matsoalloa tsa Ukraine. Ke hore, u tla ka etsahala hore ebe u bolella hore ke batho ba phelang karolong e ka bophirimela ea naha, ba rata ho bina, 'me hokela bohlokoa haholo ho apara ka mokhoa setso, fetile fatše ho tloha molokong ho isa molokong. 'Me sena se, mohlomong, tsohle. Ke hlajoa ke lihlong, hobane tabeng ena, sechaba sena se ikhethang e tla ba hantle feela joaloka lichaba tse ling le leholo la Ukraine.

Le hoja seo se e Gutsuliya le e ka ba ho hlokahala hore ho bolella pele. Hobaneng? The ntho e ke hore tsela eo ba phelang, mokhoa oa le moaparo le tsela tsa filosofi e 'nile ea bakeng sa lilemo tse ngata, ba bua ka taba ea ho ithuta ke litsebi tse ngata, ka bobeli-rahistori le litsebi setso.

A sehloohong sena a re tla leka ho araba potso e mabapi le hore na ke Hutsuls. Ke bo-mang batho bana, babali ba tla tseba ho tswa ho tlhaloso ya histori, meetlo le sechaba ea kajeno.

Karolo 1. General tlhaloso bochaba

Ho na le likhopolo-taba tse Hutsul Leha ho le joalo, hammoho le Lemko le Boyko, e matleng a hae ho Carpatho-Rusyn morabe. Empa, ho sa tsotellehe maikutlo a ena, bajaki ba tsoang ho Segalicia le Bukovina Rusyns lumela hore baholo-holo ba bona a kena ka Carpathian Mountains qalong ea VI lekholong la lilemo la. Ho fihlela joale, e bongata ba Carpatho-Rusyn morabe e lulang ho eona libakeng tse moeling oa Carpathians morao-rao, teng ka motsoako oa Seukraine, Sepolishe le SeSlovak meeli.

Hape, batho ba fetang halofo ea milione ba phela metseng ea arohaneng ka linaheng tsa boahelani le United States. Baahi ba metseng ena ke hoo e ka bang ½ ea palo ea Rusyns tsohle fatše.

Karolo 2. tšimoloho ea lebitso la morabe

Ho na le likhopolo tse ngata mabapi le qaleho ea lentsoe "Hutsul", empa ea mong oa bona ea se nang bopaki bo tobileng. Ba bang ba lumela hore lebitso la bochaba Carpathian sehlabeng ile ka amohela ho Ossetian (Sarmatian), mantsoe "gytstsyl", e bolelang "e nyenyane, Jr.".

Ka mehloli e ngotsoeng lebitso la ngolisitsoeng ka "Iazyges gytstsyl chizg /" le bolela Iazyges - meloko Sarmatian neng li le teng ka Carpathians le Galicia makholong a lilemo a pele. e. Hore ha baa ka kenya letsoho ha ho etsoa phutuho Sarmatian-Alans Europe 'me a lula le Gepids le Magothe ka Galicia-greytungami ( "Magothe tse nyenyane").

Batho ba bang a bontša maikutlo a hore lentsoe "Hutsul" se hlahang ho yona ke e nyenyane fapaneng - ho tswa ho lentsoe "li sollang teng" (ka lebaka la phetoho e butle-butle: sollang-Cociulia-Gotsul-hutsuly).

Hape, ho na le khopolo eo o ba amohetse lebitso la lona ka lebaka la lebitso la moloko kapa leetsing Guts "gutsaty".

Leha ho le joalo, e mong a atileng ka ho fetisisa ke etymology ea motsoako oa mantsoe a mabeli - "guzul" (ka oprishkivsky "mokhatlo oa") le Romania "lesholu". Ha ho makatse hore sechaba sena se e nkoa e le e hlaha (mahala) batho.

Karolo 3. Ke hokae moo hutsuly phela ka Ukraine?

Hutsuls - ka par, le babolai le Lemke - e matleng a hae ho baahi ba matsoalloa a moo ba Carpathian Mountains. Mehleng ea rōna, ba ile ba lula naheng ea Ukraine ka Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsi le libaka Transcarpathian.

Sebakeng Ivano-Frankivsk, ho Ukrainians merabe lule Verkhovyna, Yaremche, karolong e ka boroa Kosovo, hammoho le Nadvoryanskogo libakeng.

le sebaka sa tsona sa bolulo o sebakeng Transcarpathian ke Rakhiv setereke. Area Gutsulschiny Ukraine ya wa 6.5 sq. M. km SE. Ke sebaka sa eona e boetse e akarelletsa leliboho naha ea Romania, moo phela maramoroshskie hutsuly.

Karolo 4. Histori linako

Ho fihlela bohareng ba bo 40-ogy ea tse lekholo tse fetileng Hutsul, e le ka sebele, kaofela Bophirimela Ukraine, ba ile ba aroloa.

Pele Pele World Ntoa, e le karolo ea tšimo ea bona ke ea Austria le Hungary. 'Me ka mor'a 1920 Hutsul naha li ne li o laoloa Poland, Romania le Czechoslovakia. Ho ea qetellong ea 30-ogy ea XX lekholong la lilemo la Huzulschyna e e-ba karolo ea SSR Seukraine.

The baloe pele ea baahi ba Ukraine, ba khanna ka 2001, o ile a bontša hore hoo e ka 21,5 sekete. Batho ba itsebahatsa e le ethnological Hutsul sehlopha.

Karolo 5. e ne e le Huzulschyna

Pele ea histori bua ka ho tloha sebakeng Hutsul hlaha mehloli Poland ngotsoeng intša ho tswa ho lilemo tse makholo XIV-XV. Ka nako e telele batho ba Bophirimela linaheng tse Seukraine lopolotsoeng ditlamo feudal (panschiny).

Ho ena le hoo, ho na le e ne e ea tlhaho le lichelete meroalo ka baahi bakeng sa tefo ea thekollo ea beng ba masimo ea boahelani. Ka bohareng ba lilemo tse makholo XVII-XVIII. Gutsulschiny Lefatšeng qala ho insurgency ratoang, hlooho ea mokhatlo oa Seukraine e-opryshky Oleksa Dovbush. Le ka 40-ogy tsa lekholong la lilemo la XIX ho ne ho merusu e mong ratoang ikemiseditse ho sireletsa lithahasello tsa balemi ba le panschiny bo felisoe. mokhatlo oa Sena se ile sa majela-Lukyan tsehali.

The bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa liketsahalo tsa histori tse lekholo tse fetileng e hlahile ka bophelo ea setso le ea lipolotiki ea Hutsul bolela botsosolosi Seukraine khōlō Party, ho ne ho bōptjoa holong tsenwe tlas'a tataiso ea monoang Khotkevych (1911) le Society "Sich" K. Trilevskogo, ntoa Seukraine Sich Riflemen ( tsa 1914-1915.) 'me ponahalo ea Hutsul Republic, e e-ba teng likhoeli tse seng kae feela.

Karolo e khōlō ea ho Gutsulschiny morao-rao teng ka naha ea Ukraine. The ntle le mabaka a feela ke metsaneng seng kae karolong e ka Seromania tsa Bukovina le Marmaroschine.

Karolo 6. The mofuta o ka sehloohong oa mosebetsi Hutsul

The mefuta e ka sehloohong ea mesebetsi e tloaelehileng ea Hutsul khale are: likhomo, lihlapi tse hlaha, la linotsi le lifate rafting. Seukraine Carpathians ke tšobotsi molemo ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa mesebetsi ea matsoho joalo.

Temo hutsuly hoo e batlang e ba kopanela, 'me e ne e le ea bohlokoa ka ho se mahareng. A ikhethang bophelong ba Hutsul setso hapa le bonono le Crafts. Li ne li qapile letsopa, ho loha, letlalo le koporo, lehong betla, hlobolisa inlay joalo joalo .. lintho tse ngata mesebetsi ea matsoho ba pholoha.

Ke liletsa tsa 'mino tsa moetlo hutsuls tšoaroa tilinka (namane) - e tube, bulehileng ka ntle le masoba, entsoe ka moluoane kapa Hazel. A moahi oa Transcarpathia, ho ne ho bonahala, ha ho na letsatsi le ke ke ra phela ntle ho tunes u li ratang. Hoo e ka bang mong le e mong ba bona ba tseba le papali ea ho tloha bongoaneng pele.

E mong ea setso moea liletsa ne trembita - lehong phala bolelele ho fihlela ho limithara tse ba bane ntle ho di-valve e phuthetsoe ka birch makhapetla a. mofuta ona wa seletsa se butsoeloang sebediswa bakeng sa fetisa matšoao mamelwang holim'a sebaka se selelele. Sebelisa e ka matsatsi a khale a tsebisoa ka liketsahalo tse sa tšoaneng (machato, matsatsi a phomolo a, e leng lefu, lepato le joalo-joalo. D.), And balisa fana ka tsebiso ya hokae bona ka lithabeng.

Hutsuly hape sebedisa disebediswa tse ding 'mino - lekolilo, accordion le dulcimer, tlase fiddle le harepa.

Re Hutsuls haholo ntshetswa pele likamano tsa leloko le ba batshameki, bolokoa shamanism. Ba batšehetsi ba Seukraine Segerike Catholic le Seukraine Orthodox le likereke.

Karolo 7. puo seo ho buisana hutsuly

Ea hore a buisane ka Ukraine har'a Hutsul sebediswa Hutsul puo ea Seukraine puo, Seromania hutsuly bua Seukraine le Romania.

Case dipheletso le likarolo Hutsul thinn mantsoe ka litsela tse ngata tse tšoanang le puo SeSlovak. Sena se bontša hore hang hape hore batho ba Ukraine e heterogeneous haholo 'me hangata haholo ho feta joaloka bajaki ba tsoang linaheng tsa Europe, ho feta baahi ba naha.

Karolo 8. Hutsul Wedding lineano le mekete

Hutsul, ka tšimoloho ea eona e se ke khathetse ho ithuta ethnographers, esita le mehleng ea rōna se aparang liaparo ea sechaba 'me ka matla ho khomarela lineano tsa bona lilemo li.

Ka tloaelo, ea lefereho le nna le seabe ka nka sebaka nakong ea selemo, lehlabula le hoetla, e sa tloaelehang haholo mariha. E le machato se beha nako e itseng, empa hangata ba li etsoa pele ho Great alima. E thibetsoe ho tšoara mokete nakong posts by efe kapa efe.

Ha ba qala ea lechato o potlakang ka Hutsulia ne prepodnoshenie matchmakers lithaole. lenyalo e ne e le nako e telele le ho ba matla, ba bacha ba lokela ho "fumana ka thaole eo." Long neano ea Hutsul nkoa kalaches prepodnoshenie ka khabisitsoeng thaole a banyalani ba bacha le le bitsoa tsa litakatso tsa ea ruileng le ea thabileng bophelong. Ho fihlela kereke monyali palama ka pere.

Ka kakaretso, e khutšoanyane karabo ea potso e reng: "Hutsuls? Ke bo-mang batho tsee? ", Re lokela ho hlokomela hore ho ke ke haholo-holo a nyakaletse.

Moahloli e mong bakeng sa hao, ha ho na lenyalo Ho tšoaroa ntle lipina setso le metjeko, lipapali, monate, metlae qabola le metlae. Bake mahobe 'me le meqolong e, lohiloeng le khabisitsoeng lithaole. Baeti Outfits khabisa sa lipalesa, tseo le tsona li fanyehoa lifate le Gilzem. Monyali le monyaluoa letsatsi lohle felehetsa bahlomphehi, botsofali, matchmakers le motsoalle.

Karolo 9. Ho khanna matsatsi a phomolo a bolumeli (Keresemese le Easter)

Lokisetsa Keresemese o qala pele a mangata a sefate se betliloeng - "Didukh". Ho ea ka tšōmo, sefate sena se meea ea baholo-holo ba, bahlokomedi lapeng. Letsatsi pele fihletseng letsatsi la phomolo le hlahileng ka sebōping sa "mollo phela" ba likutung leshome le metso e le lokisetsa leshome le metso e meatless Strava moetlo.

lijo tsa mantsiboea o halalelang ba lokela ho bopilwe kuti - phehiloeng koro le linate, mahe a linotši le dipeo Poppy. Koro ho nkoa e le pontšo ea hore nako e sa feleng, 'me mahe a linotsi - le letšoao la katleho le bahalaleli bohle leholimong. Le ho fihla ha Keresemese o qala ho carols Keresemese. matsatsing ana tsamaea baeti ho tloha motseng oo ho motse, 'me ke palama ka sleigh hula ka lipere. A beke ka mor'a Keresemese e ketekoang Khale Selemo se Secha, ka January 18, ka sebetsa ofising, 'me ka la 19 January, ho keteka Kolobetso (Jordan). Lijo tsa mantsiboea qala feela ka ponahalo ea naleli pele leholimong.

Easter matsatsi a phomolo e ba keteka ka Hutsulia a latele meetlo ea tsohle le meetlo. Ka Palm Sontaha baahi ntšitseng kereke inehetseng makala moluoane le habobebe otla bona e mong le e ba malapa a bona. Ho ea ka meetlo ea boholo-holo sa moluoane o folisa thepa. Nakong e Moholo alima mesebetsi ea matsoho tsohle hlahiswa mahe Easter.

Bakeng sa itshwaela ea kereke ka basketeng mahe Easter ba beha, mahe Easter le lihlahisoa tse ling. Hape khopolong ea litlhokofatso tsa Kreste lenaneng beha horseradish le Paseka le likerese boka ba linotši, leo ke letšoao la khanya ea Molimo 'me tsoho ea Kreste. Rich hutsuly fumana kereke ka pere, 'me mafutsana a ne a tsamaea ka maoto.

Karolo 10. Features Hutsul cuisine

National Hutsul cuisine e sa tšoaneng haholo le e bonolo ea ho lokisetsa. Ya dihlahiswa ho fetisisa e atisa ho sebelisoa poone phofo, lijo-thollo, legumes, litapole, li-mushroom le chisi, e leng e entseng ho tloha lebese nku. Hutsul cuisine lijana - banush, masheromo sopho e entsoeng ka, Hutsul borshch, rosivnitsa, Kuleshov le ho feta.

Banush phehiloe ka cauldron ea tšepe mollong. Bolila tranelate le tranelate e kenngoa ka cauldron le tlisoa ho reflux, 'me ka bonolo tšela letsoai cornmeal. Banush nkoa loketse e le hang ha holim 'a marotholi mafura hlaha. Tafoleng, le sejana e ile a sebeletsa le chisi, li-mushroom le Bacon.

Ho lokisa li-mushroom yushki omileng porcini li-mushroom phehiloe ka moro khoho e nang le litlama, ka nako eo eketsa noodle le meroho.

Traditional Hutsul malapa pheha sopho e entsoeng ka le nama ea kolobe a tsuba le beet betse.

Karolo 11. Gutsuls ... mang batho tsee? Na hoa khoneha ho ba bitsa ho fihlela ho letsatsi?

Kajeno Hutsul bophelo e tlaase o ile a pepesa ho tse fapa-fapaneng moluba-lube lipolotiki le ea sechaba. Metseng, reviving Crafts setso le mesebetsi ka ho ikatisa likhomo, ka lebaka la ho putlama ha mapolasing kopanetsweng le tlhahiso ea setopong. Ho ba bangata, ke ka sehloohong kapa mahareng chelete e kenang le pono. Hoo e ka bang malapa 'ohle a betliloeng souvenirs ho rekisa ho bahahlauli. Ho sa tsotellehe sena, ho fapana le baahi ba tse ling tsa Ukraine, Hutsul na le chelete e kenang tlaase-tlaase.

Karolo ea Hutsul, absented ka boeena o mehleng ea Soviet Union ho Ukrainians bona hona joale ho bona ka bobona ka Rusyns le arohane, le hoja ba ke ke lea kopana 'me bopa setjhaba se momahaneng la Rusyns le brisk le Lemke.