Forgery: mefuta e le mekhoa

Ho ea ka Code Criminal, leshano ya ditokomane bolela tlhahiso ea litokomane theha ka lebaka la ho falsification ya ditokomane (tlhopho kapa difeme dikarolo: foromo, mecha ea phatlalatso ea boitsebiso, ditshaeno, mongolo, litempe, litiiso). Ke khopolo ena e sebetsa ho falsification ea thepa ea motheo e le batho ka bomong (e seng molaong ho fetola likarolong tse ling tsa litokomane 'nete). Forgery, boikarabelo ba e fanoeng ke Code Criminal, ke mokhoa ikemetseng tsa ho etsa tlōlo ea molao kapa tlōlo ea molao.

Ha ka botlalo rigged litokomane fake etsoa ho latela dipaterone ho itseng, e leng se sebeletsa likopi tse ka tšeptjoang. Likarolo (ho se tšoane ho tswa ho pele) a fumana ka nako ya proizvodnje bona, e leng lumella ho ananela ka fake. Leeme forgery ka etswa ka ho:

• iqapetsoeng e hatisetsa ea litempe le liqibi, ditshaeno;
• ho tlosa likarolo tsa tokomane (maqephe, litšoantšo), khalemela, overprinting, lintlha tse eketsehileng, lik'hemik'hale mananose a temana ea ho;
• erasures, lipontšo tsena li ka o ile a hlokomela ka ho forensiki.

Ka lingoliloeng khethehileng ea, leshano ya ditokomane le litšobotsi tsa lona li hlalosoa ka tsela e latelang. Ha erasures sebelisa ho phetha molao feela tloswa ha taba e ngotsoeng ea (haholo-holo lichapo, linomoro, mangolo motho) ke fala ntho e bohale (thipa, lehare lehare) kapa hlakola raba. Ka pampiri ena holim lera e robehile 'me karolong e ka tlosoa ho mongolo ka nako hlakoloa. Lipontšo tsa erasures kenyeletsa: litlhaka kahare lidae lichapo sengolwa wreathed enke tabeng e ngotsoeng e ncha, eo e sebelisoa ho sebakeng se hlakoloa, tlōlo ea semelo theiboleng, fokotsa pampiri botenya phetoho bokaholimo ruffled holim'a lera likhoele.

Bonoa o etsoang matšoao erasures nakong ea ho ithuta ditokomane tse tlwaelehileng hasane, eaba e fetisetsoa, oblique khanya ka mahlaseli le mahlaseli go la la, sebelisa ya microscope le loops le multiplicities tse sa tšoaneng.

forgery lik'hemik'hale mananose e phethahatsoa reagents e phallang kapa mongolo o kenngoa ka har'a sesoeufatsi lik'hemik'hale (a alkali, acid). Ka e tšoanang lik'hemik'hale ama se feela bolaea se ngotsoeng moo, empa hape ka metsoako e sa tokomane (semelo theiboleng pampiri). Lipontšo tsa lik'hemik'hale mananose bolela fetola 'mala pampiri le theiboleng bokamorao, lichapo sefahleho roba enke, fragility, ho fragility tsa pampiri ena. O ile a senola matšoao a lik'hemik'hale mananose sebelisa phahamise disebediswsa Optical, oblique mabone, filter.

Overprint kapa lintlha tse eketsehileng ka letsoho e atlehe ho fetola ya data tse tokomane ena. Ba hangata le mokhutšoanyane ka seemo, empa ka haholo fetola ya data pele. makgetheng Main lintlha tse eketsehileng: ho se tšoane litšobotsing poraefete le tloaelehileng le sebelisoang malapeng hatisa '(forgery le matšoao khaotsa ho fihlela qetellong mangolo, le tieho ea phetha molao, matsapa mongolo, lengolo boholo). Matšoao overprinting ka mechine ea ho thaepa: mismatch ka 'mala o se tšoane dae le boholo ho hatiseng paterone.

Ho lokisa, ho overprint, lintlha tse eketsehileng ho mongolo lemoha ka ho tlotlisa disebediswsa Optical, ho sebelisa go la la le UV -filter, ka ho ithuta lik'hemik'hale tsa dae.