Molao oa pele oa thermodynamics - e le qalo ea lintho tsohle

Ka taba ea ho ithuta thermodynamics ke matla a mefuta eohle ea eona 'me, botlhokwa go feta, ho fetoha matla a mofuta o mong ho e' ngoe. Ho joalo etsahala hore poleloana e reng e simolohile ka matsatsi a pele tsa ho etsa lipatlisiso le tšimong ea ho etsa lipatlisiso matla le ka nako eo lethathamo la fapaneng mefuta e matla e ne e ntse tse nyenyane - mechine le mogote. Ka lebaka leo, lebitso "Thermodynamics" ka tsela e nepahetseng ka ho fetisisa bontša motheo oa Sepheo sa - mokhatlo (phetiso), le mocheso ho sokoloha ka mosebetsi oa mechine le sekgoeng. Butle-butle ho bopa dikgopolo tsa ba bontšang dithulaganyo mogote: mocheso oa logan, bokgoni mocheso, 'me, qetellong, ea unit trust palo ea mocheso - khalori (1772 M.Vilke). Ho tla nka nako 'me o tla rerileng molao oa pele oa thermodynamics, empa mong le e mong re fallele e ne e le ka lebaka la mosebetsi o boima oa bafuputsi ba ngata.

Ho ithuta melao ea thermodynamics tse ling ho ea likopanong tsa amohela, e le hore thuto e totobatsa ntho e le bolela ka ho toba thepa lona ho ithuta. Maikemisetso a ho ithuta ba emeloang ke tsamaiso ea koetsoeng ea palo e khōlō ea likaroloana. Ha tsamaiso ea ka hore na meeli ea e le bophahamo ba modumo itseng, e bitsoa 'mele. Mona 'me le ho na le e ne e le morupeluoa ka sehloohong le bohato thermodynamic: tsamaiso ea likaroloana tse fumanoang ka bophahamo ba modumo itseng - khase loketseng. Mosebetsing oa ho ea matla phetoho oona tsamaisong thermodynamic fetola boemo bona, 'me liphetoho tsee li hlalosoa ke sete likhopolo - the entsprechen tshebetso. Ha entsprechen nka mocheso T, molumo V le ho hatelloa ke P, ho ke ke lekane ho hlalosa bona thulaganyou e leha e le efe thermodynamic. tsamaiso ea tsohle li nkoa feela e re equilibrium. Ho thehwa ha equilibrium, ho etsa mohlala, mocheso, - e mocheso thulaganyou e phetiso - ntho pholisa le heats ntho e itseng. Tabeng ena, palo ea "lefile - amohetse", e le molao oa pele oa thermodynamics, e tla ba e tšoanang. 'Me bona! Larileng ka bothata ka sehloohong ke hore ka lilemo tse makholo, bo-rasaense ba etsa qeto ea: Search barupeluoa ba ea metabolism eneji, le le ho bona hore karolo ea bona ka ho etsa joalo.

Motheong oa khopolo ea ho thermodynamics sethusathuto tse 3 molao. E nahana hore 'mele oa ka e monyang matla, e ntseng e eketseha lona ka hare (mohlala, futhumatsang) le / kapa e loketseng ho eneji, le tsa sona tsa ho etsa mosebetsi oa ho hlōla mabotho a Link (mohlala, pushing le plunger). Ka lebaka leo, molao oa pele oa thermodynamics e tšoaroa ka tsela e latelang: ho phetoho ka ka hare eneji ee U la 'mele ke Balang ea matla a ananelang matla a bona Q le mabotho a Link A. tsa mmetshe, sena se bolela hore ka liphetoho tse infinitesimal tjena:

Du = dQ + Da (1)

Ha e le hantle, ho ke molao oa paballo ea matla, re ka re, molao oa bophelo.

Properties dithulaganyo thermodynamic atisa ho tšohloa ea mohlala, moo mahareng sebetsa nka khase phethahetse eo e ka ba e chesang le ho / kapa ho phetha ka hore ho phetha molao ho etsa mosebetsi oa mabotho Link (compression - katoloso ya) ka piston, 'me e mong oa entsprechen e - khatello ea P, bophahamo ba modumo V le mocheso T - ke e sa khaotseng. Sebelisa molao oa pele oa thermodynamics ho izoprotsessam ho fumana mehloli ea matla li amohelang tsa maemo a itseng.

Isochoric thulaganyou e bolela hore V = const. Ka lebaka la 'nete ea hore mosebetsi ho phetha molao feela ha se le teng, hobane bophahamo ba modumo ha a fetohe ka futhumatsang feela ka eketsa eneji, le ka hare, 'me joale: Da = pdV = 0,' me ka hona Du = dQ 'me e ka etsa qeto ea ho tloha kamano ea:

dQ = (limithara / M) * CV * bang dt (2)

Kahoo, isochoric thulaganyou e ke ka lebaka la ho eketseha ka mocheso.

Isobaric thulaganyou e akarelletsa leq = const, 'me boemo ena kgotsofetse haeba mokelikeli ho sebetsa ha halefile o etsa mosebetsi oa ho phetha molao feela, mohlala, motsamao oa piston ena. Ha o fetola ho sebelisa poleloana e reng ho mocheso matla le ho abel tsa Mendeleev-Clapeyron, e mong a ka habonolo fumana e le pontšo bakeng sa bala le ho phetha molao feela tšebetso ea khase :

A = (limithara / M) * R * (T2 - T1) (3)

R - khase kamehla, 'me e bolela mosebetsi oa ho eketsa molumo oa khase ka palo ya mole se le seng, ha ho phetoho mocheso ka lengolo la Kelvin. Qetello: tlas'a isobaric thulaganyou e khase boele u eneji, le futhumatsang (2) le ho chesa karolo ea eketseha eneji, le ka hare ka katoloso le (3).

thulaganyou e A oo T = const, ka thermodynamics bitsoa isothermal. mozindo lona ke hore ke futhumatsang ea matla ka hare e chesa ka ho feletseng mosebetsing oa mabotho Link preodoleniiyu. Molao oa pele oa thermodynamics bakeng izoprotsessov fana ka maikutlo a hore ho boloka ka linako tsohle 'mele mocheso oa matla tsa sona tsa etsa bakeng sa litšenyehelo tsa ho phetha mosebetsi oa ho phetha molao feela,' me e itšetlehile ka liphetoho tse khatello. A bale litšenyehelo eneji, le e ka ba ho tloha polelo e reng:

Q = A = (limithara / M) * R * T * (Ln (p1 / p2)).