Mina leoatle (photo photo photo photo)

Mina leoatle ke intša leng sesebelisoa phatloha kenngoa ka metsi e le hore ba ka senya kapa timetso ea hulls sa likepe, submarines, liketsoana, likepe ho tšoasa litlhapi le watercraft tse ling. Ho fapana le liqoso botebo merafong ba "robala" boemo fihlela kopana le sejana broadside. merafong sesole sa metsing li ka sebelisoa bakeng sa kopo ea tšenyo e ka ho toba le sera le ho sitisa mokhatlo oa lona ka litaelo mosolotogamaano. Ka molao machaba, tsamaisa ka melao ntoa thehilwe bo8 1907 Hague Convention.

tlhophiso

merafong leoatle ba classified latela dihlahlobo tse latelang:

• Mofuta oa qoso - kamehla, e khethehileng (a nyutlelie).
• Tekanyo ea ho selectivity - e tloaelehileng (bakeng sa morero leha e le efe), likhetho (lemoha litšobotsi tsa sekepe).
• Manageability - khannoang (by terata, mexri, seea-le-), unguided.
• Multiplicities - multiple (esale pele palo ea merero), bao e seng ba bangata.
• Mofuta tsoaka - bao e seng ho ikopanya (inductive, hydrodynamic, mexri, a khoheli a) ikopanye (manakana a sa, motlakase &) ho kopantswe.
• Mofuta ea tlhomamiso - homing (torpedo), Pop, ho sesa, tlase, ankora.

Mines ba ka kakaretso lekaneng ho kapa oval sebopeho (ntle le limithara-torpedoes) boholo bo tsoa mitha halofo ho limithara tse 6 (kapa ho feta) ka bophara. Anchor tšoauoa ka e le taolong ea lik'hilograma ho fihlela ho 350, tlase - ho fihlela ho ton ka.

lesedi tsa histori

Ka lekhetlo la pele merafong leoatle li 'nile tsa sebelisoa ke Machaena Toropong ea lekholo la bo14 la lilemo. Meralo le tsona e ne e le bonolo: ea metsi e ne e tlotsitsoe ka sekontiri moqomo oa gunpowder, e ile ea etsa hore Wick ka hore o tšehetsoa ka holim 'a phaphametse ka. Hlokahalang bakeng sa ho sebelisoa ka motsotso tokelo ea ho beha mollo Wick ena. Ho sebelisoa ha mehaho e joalo e fumanoa se a ntse a treatises tsa lekholong la lilemo la bo16 la lilemo ka China e tšoanang, empa ka blaster ka sebediswa ke ho feta thekenoloji flintlock mochine. merafong ntlafala sebelisoa khahlanong le masholu a maoatleng a Majapane.

Europe, pele sesole sa metsing ka o ne a ntshetswa pele ka 1574 ke Lenyesemane Ralph Rabbardsom. Lilemo tse lekholo hamorao, ho Dutchman Cornelis Drebbel, ea ileng a sebeletsa Lefapheng la Ordnance Engelane, o ile a ithaopela ho meralo thuso "motoseghe phaphametseng."

ntshetsopeleng American

A sebopeho le kannete tšosang ne a etselitsoe United States nakong ea Ntoa ea oa boitaolo ke David Bushnell (1777). E ne e le e tšoanang phofo keg, empa a hlomelloa le mochine ho detonate ka thulana le vela ea sekepe.

Ka har'a Ntoa ea Lehae (1861) United States ke Alfred Vaud qapa habeli-hulled phaphametseng ka leoatle. Bolela ho khetha a loketse bakeng sa hae - "infernal mochini". ntho e phatlohile lokiselitsoe marobalo sebakeng ka silindara sa tšepe, teng tlas'a metsi, e leng e bolokwa phaphametseng ka holim'a metsi a moqomo lehong, ka nako e tšoanang e ne e le phaphamale 'me le seqhomane.

tsoelo-pele malapeng

Ka lekhetlo la pele e tsoaka motlakase bakeng sa "mochine infernal" a qapa ke Russia moenjiniere Paul Schilling ka 1812. Nakong ea ho thibelloa atleha ya Kronstadt, ho Anglo-French likepe (1854) ka ea Ntoa ea Crimea moholo-proven sesole sa metsing ka moralo Jacobi le Nobel. pepesa "mechine infernal" lekholo lesometlhano ha feela Pinned fatše mokhatlo oa likepe sera, empa ba na le tse khōlō tse tharo theoha sekepe British ne ba boetse ba senyeha.

Mina Jacobi-Nobel rua tlholeho buoyancy (ka likamore moea) le ha ba ho hlokahala ho phaphamala le. Sena se ile ho ka khoneha ho kenya e ka sekhukhu ka metsing, leketlileng ka liketane, kapa ho lumella phallo.

Hamorao, ka mafolofolo o ile a sebelisa spheroconical phaphametseng ka, e neng e tšoaretsoe ka botebo ba lakatsa le e nyenyane unobtrusive hlasimolla le kapa ankora. E ile ea pele e sebelisoa ka Serussia Turkish ntoa (1877-1878 GG.) 'Me a ema ka likepe ba hlometseng ka lintlafatso ka ho eketsehileng le ya 1960 ya.

ankora ka

E tšoaroa ka tse hlokehang bakeng sa botebo ankora qetellong - thapo. Pritaplivanie disampole pele e fana ka pukwanana phetoho ea e-ba bolelele kabel, e hlokahala nako e ngata. Molefothenente Azarov sisintsweng moralo lumella u ho ka tsela e iketsang kenya merafong leoatle.

sesebediswa ne a hlomelloa le tsamaiso ea mojaro etella pele le emisitswe holim'a liankora e laela. The ankora mola e qetellong holim'a moqomo le. Tlas'a tšusumetso ea mojaro le ankora moropa o lokolloa mariki, 'me qetellong e unwound tloha moqomo le. Ha mojaro fihla tlase, lebotho la hula qetellong ea fokoletse theko le moqomo stopper, oo ka oona ho "infernal mochini" tetebetse ka botebo ho ngollana le hole ho tswa ho mojaro ho ankora ena.

Tšimoloho ea XX lekholong la lilemo la

Massively merafong leoatle li 'nile tsa sebelisoa ka lilemo tsa bo mashome a mabeli. Nakong ea Boxer Bofetoheli ka China (1899-1901 GG.) Lebotho la Imperial epilwe nōka Hayfe, koahela tsela e eang Beijing. The ntoa ka pele etsahala Serussia-Japanese khohlano ka 1905, ha ka bobeli ba ka mafolofolo sebelisa boima-lihlahisoa ditshita tse le breakthroughs tsa minefields sebelisa tsoasang litlhapi ka letlooa.

Phihlelo ena e se e replicated ka World Pele. Jeremane sesole sa metsing merafong thibela lulisa tsa masole a Brithani le a e sitisoa liketso tsa likepe Serussia. Submarines epilwe litsela tsa khoebo, likou le mathateng. The entseng selekane ba ne ba sa lule ba le molato, hoo e ka bang khaola Jeremane ho tloha North Sea outputs (hona o ile a nka lilemo tse 70 000 mets). The palo ea "mochine infernal" sebelisoa ka ho litsebi e hakanyetsoa ho diyuniti 235.000.

merafong leoatle ea Second Ntoa ea Lefatše

Nakong ea ntoa Linaheng theater ba sesole sa metsing ea ntoa ho pota merafong milione ba 'nile ba a fana, ho akarelletsa le metsi a Soviet Union - fetang 160 000. Jeremane ile ha thehoa liletsa tsa lefu ka ho maoatle, matša, linōka, leqhoa ka Leoatleng Kara le fihlang ho e ka tlaase ea e ob, Nōka. Ba ikhula, sera epilwe koung berths, litlhaselo kou. Haholo-holo ka sehlōhō e ne e le ntoa ea ka ka Leoatle la Baltic, moo Majeremane feela Koung ea Finland o lopolotsoe tse fetang 70 000 likoto.

Ka lebaka la ho phatloha ka teba ka 8.000 likepe le lijana. Ho phaella moo, batho ba likete tsa likepe li ne li senyeha hampe. Ka metsi European di se a ntse a nako ea ka mor'a ntoa ea merafong leoatle ne akhotsoang fihlela likepe wa 558, 290 tsa tsona li ne li tetebetse. Ka letsatsi la pele la ntoa ka motimetsi Baltic akhotsoang "koatile" le cruiser "Maxim Gorky".

merafong Jeremane

baenjiniere ba Jeremane qalong ea ntoa ba entseng selekane li ne li makala le mefuta e mecha e phahameng-ka bokgoni ba ho merafong le tsoaka a khoheli a. Mina leoatle la letsa ha ho tswa ho ikopanya le. sekepe se ne le lekane ho sesa haufi lekane ho tefo bolaeang. Lona makala tsokoang ka ho lekaneng hore tšenyo boto. likepe tse senyehileng ne a lokela ho mo kena hanong wa borumuwa le ho khutlela ho lokisa.

Disproportionately ama likepe Senyesemane. Churchill le batho ka bomong beha ntho ea bohlokoa ho phahameng ka ho fetisisa ke hore ba be le mohaho o tšoanang, 'me ho fumana le mokhoa o atlehang oa ho tlosa liqhomane tsa fatše, empa litsebi British ne ba sa khone ho apola ea theknoloji e lekunutu. Eitse ka hlaheloa ke kotsi. E mong o akhetse ke metsotso lifofane Jeremane o ile a khomarela ka seretse mabopong. Ho ile ha fumaneha hore mochine ho phatloha ne ho ena le tse rarahaneng le e thehiloeng matla a khoheli ea Lefatše. Lipatlisiso li thusitse ho bopa minesweepers atlehang.

merafong Union

Union sesole sa metsing merafong e ne e se e le theknolojing e tsoetseng pele, empa ha ho na sa sebetsa. Haholo-holo sebelisoa ea mohlala CB "Crab" le AG. "Crab" e ne e le ankora ea ka. CB-1 ka matsoho a ba amohela ka 1931, ka 1940 - ntlafatswa KB-3. Etselitsoeng ho minefields boima, bohle ka lahla likepe le tla ba qalong ea ntoa eo ho ne ho ka 8.000 diyuniti. Le e-ba bolelele ba limithara tse 2 le boima ba 'mele le tsa boima ba lithane tse fetang 230 unit trust nang liqhomane lik'hilograma.

Mina manakana a sa tebileng (AG) le ile la sebelisoa bakeng sa submarines likhohola le likepe, hammoho le ho thatafalloa ho tsamaya ba likepe lireng. Ha e le hantle e ne e le phetolo ea CB ho maqheka lenakana. Ha ntoa lokisang metsi a leoatle pakeng tsa manaka a mabeli a koporo liha 'nang motlakase. Ha u ama ka lenakana kenapa ea sebelisa libetsa tsa nyutlelie kapa sekepe ho leka-lekana 'nang e ferekanngoa, a etsa hore ho koalo ba tsoaka motlakase oa potoloho. ka e mong "laoloa" limithara tse 60 tsa sebaka. litšobotsi tse akaretsang le lumellane le ea mohlala CB. Hamorao koporo ka lenakana (hlokang lik'hilograma 30 tšepe ea bohlokoa) o ile a nkeloa sebaka ke tšepe, sehlahiswa kgetho AGSB fumana. batho ba seng bakae tseba hore na lebitso la leoatle ka ea mohlala AGSB: Antenna tebileng tšepe manakana le thepa, a bokella ka unit trust e le 'ngoe.

ka rengwa

Ka mor'a lilemo tse 70 tsa merafong sesole sa metsing ea World Second ntse sokela ho Company khotso. palo e khōlō ea tsona e ntse e le kae-kae bolibeng ba Leoatle la Baltic. Ho fihlela ka 1945,% 7 feela liqhomane tsa fatše li ne li defused, 'me ba bang kaofela ba o ile a nka lilemo tse leshome tse kotsi mosebetsing oa demining.

Moroalo o ka sehloohong oa ho loana le ka ho larileng ka ka lere la likepe tseo, minesweepers lilemong tse ka mor'a ntoa. Feela Soviet Union e amehang ka 2.000 tsoasang litlhapi ka letlooa le ho fihlela ho tse 100 000 le batho ba basebetsi. Boemo ba kotsi e ne e ka ho fetisisa e phahameng ka lebaka la mabaka a nako le nako ho hanyetsa:

• meeli e sa tsejoeng ba minefields;
• tlhomamiso fapaneng bolibeng mets;
• thaepa mets (ankora, manakana a sa, ka lifi, tlase noncontact le disebediswa tsa ho potlaka le multiplicity);
• khoneha splinter unexploded merafong.

thekenoloji trawling

Trawling mokhoa ne e le hōle le phethahetseng le kotsi. Ka ho beha akhotsoang fihlela ke liqhomane tsa fatše, likepe pholletsa minefield le hula fetang trawl. Kahoo ea kamehla khatello ea kelello boemo ba batho ho tloha ka emetse phatloha bolaeang.

Trawl undercut le hlaha ka (haeba e se phatloha ka tlas'a sekepe kapa ka trawl ea) e lokela ho timetsoa. Ka leoatle kaba attaching oa mosireletsi sokolisa. Nyenyefatsa netefatso merafong lona sireletsehileng phetha lithunya sesole sa metsing, e le hangata ho khetla e hlabileng le ka khetla ntle ho ama tsoaka. Unexploded ka sesole larileng fatše, e emelang se secha, e ha e sa amenable ho felisoa ha kotsi eo.

bofello

Sesole sa metsing ea ka, e photo photo photo photo hore o bululela lebaka la ho tsaba le 'ngoe feela le pono e ntse e tšosang, bolaeang, ka libetsa tse theko. Devices fetohile ho feta "bohlale" le ba matla haholoanyane. Ho na le tsoelo-pele e le qoso e thehilweng nyutlelie. Ho phaella ho mefuta tsena, ho na le ba towed, Shestov, battledore, ba ikhopolang ho propelled le tse ling tse "mechine infernal."