Karolo e khōlō ea lifofane e. sesebediswa lifofane

Qaptjoa mechine ea lifofane e lumelloa se feela ho phetha e le toro khale moloko oa batho - ho hlōla leholimo, empa hape ho bōpa lebelo ka ho fetisisa tsela ea ho tsamaisa. Ho fapana le libalune le airships, lifofane hanyane itšetlehile ka vagaries ea boemo ba leholimo, e ka tsamaea sebaka se selelele ka phahameng lebelo. Dikarolo tsa lifofane le bopilwe latelang lihlopha mehaho: a lepheo, fuselage, mohatla, lulisa Gear, e matla a dimela tsamaiso ea taolo, thepa e sa tšoaneng.

Molao-motheo oa ho sebetsa

Lifofane - lifofane (LA) a boima ho feta moea, a hlomelloa ka dimela matla. Le karolo ena e mahlonoko tsa lifofane ho bōpa le qheletseng hlokahalang bakeng sa sefofane - ho sebetsa (khanna) matla a etsang hore e ho ntshetsa pele fatše kapa sefofane enjene (masokoana kapa enjene jete). Ha nsete e teng ka pel'a enjene, ho bitsoa tsomule, 'me haeba morao - ho sutumetsa. Kahoo, enjene hlahisa le tshisinyo translational tsa lifofane ho tshwana le mahareng potolohileng (moea). Ka lebaka leo, moea susumelletsa amanang le ho lepheo, le hore etsa hore ho ts'ehetsana lebotho la ka lebaka la mokhatlo oa translational. Ka lebaka leo, mochine ka tsoela moeeng feela ha e itseng sefofane lebelo.

lebitso la lifofane ke seo

'mele e na le likarolo tse latelang:

• Fuselage - ke 'mele o ka sehloohong oa sefofane, e tlohang be lepheo kakaretso (lepheo), masiba, tsamaiso ea matla, cheisi le dikarolo tse ling. The fuselage lula basebetsi, baeti (ea lehae lifofane), thepa le payload. Ho ka 'na boela ho behoa (hase kamehla) mafura, cheisi, dienjini, jj ..: d.
• The Motors sebediswa bakeng sa ho khanna motsamao oa lifofane ka.
• Lepheo - sebetsa holim ', tse reretsoeng ho bopa le phahamisa.
• Lathe mohatla etselitsoeng ho tshwara, go lekalekanyo le directional botsitso ba lifofane ba hoo e ka bang a selekane paatsepama.
• Horizontal mohatla etselitsoeng ho tshwara, go lekalekanyo le directional botsitso ba lifofane ba hoo e ka bang a selekane tshekaletseng.

Mapheo le fuselage

Karolo e khōlō ea sebopeho lifofane - lepheo. E baka la maemo a bakeng sa ho phethahala ha ditlhoko tse khōlō bakeng sa menyetla sefofane - ho ba teng ha o phahamisetsa. Lepheo o khomaretse 'mele (fuselage), e ka' na ea ba le sebopeho ho khetheha, empa ho ea fihla kamoo ho ka khonehang le fokolang haholo aerodynamic e hula. Ho finyella sena, ho fana ka le loketseng lerotholi-streamlined sebopeho.

Karolong e ka pele ea sefofane le e sebediswa bakeng sa bewa ga ea cockpit le radar tsamaiso ea. Ka morao ke seo ho thoeng ke mohatla. Ho sebeletsa ho fana ka taolo nakong sefofane.

Moralo ea masiba

Nahana ka sefofane kakaretso, mohatla karolo e itseng ea e entsoeng ho ea ka leqheka la khale, e tloaelehileng ea dikai ho fetisisa ea sesole le oa sechaba. Tabeng ena, ea mohatla tshekaletseng tla di na le dipegelo sa fetoheng karolo - stabilizer (ho tloha Latin Stabilis, tsitsitseng) le e etsoang ka mechine - lifte.

The stabilizer sebeletsa ho fana ka botsitso lifofane ka a selekane ho parola. Ha sefofane se nko tla oa, ka nako eo, ka lebaka leo, aft fuselage, hammoho le masiba a tsoha. Tabeng ena, ntho eu bakelang khatello moea ka holimo holim stabilizer eketsang. Generated khatello ea stabilizer kgutlang (ka ho latellana, le fuselage) ho boemong ba eona ba pele. Ha phahamisang nko ea fuselage la phallo moea o tla eketsa khatello ea ho stabilizer tlaase holim'a, 'me e tla khutlela boemong ba bona ba pele. Sena se fana ka jarolla ka ho iketsa (ntle le motsamaisi kenella) LA botsitso ka sefofane longitudinal mabapi le selekane ho parola.

The ka morao ea lifofane e boetse e akarelletsa le mohatla paatsepama. Ka ho tšoanang, tse tshekaletseng, e le bopilwe ka tsepamisitsoeng karolo - the keel, 'me selefouno - rudder. Keel fana botsitso sefofane tshisinyo ka a selekane lona paatsepama ka sefofane tshekaletseng. Molao-motheo oa tshebetso e tšoanang le ketso ea stabilizer pop lady - hana keel nko khutlisetsa sepakapakeng ka ho le letona ka ho le letšehali, khatello ea ho le letona letsoho la sefofane eketseha le kgutlang keel (le fuselage) ho boemo fetileng.

Kahoo, mabapi le lilepe tse peli tsa sefofane botsitso e netefatsoa ka masiba a. Empa ho na le e ne e le selekane se seng - longitudinal. Ho fana jarolla ka ho iketsa mokhatlo oa botsitso mabapi le selekane hore (ka ho parola sefofane) glider lepheo ho tšelisa ba lokisetsa ha tsekaletse empa a sa le hlaha ka lehlakoreng le a lekanyelitsoeng mong ho e mong e le hore ba lipheletsong tsa tselisa ka khutlisetsa sepakapakeng ho ea holimo. Joalo tokisetso e tšoana le lengolo le «V».

tsamaiso ea taolo ya

Control bokaholimo - likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa lifofane ka ho laola lifofane tse sa. Tsena li akarelletsa ailerons, rudders le bophahamo. Control fanoe mabapi le ho se e tšoanang lilepe tse tharo ka lifofane tšoanang tse tharo.

Lifte - le e etsoang ka mechine morao karolo ea stabilizer ena. Ha stabilizer na le ka masakaneng a mabeli, ka ho latellana, ho na le tse peli tse lifte eo kheloha ho ea holimo kapa tlaase, bobeli synchronously. Le eona, motsamaisi ka fetola lifofane sefofane bophahamong.

Rudder - le e etsoang ka mechine morao karolo ea keel ena. Ha e se e khutlisetsa sepakapakeng ka tsela e 'ngoe kapa e' ngoe e hlaha ka aerodynamic lebotho la eo a dikologela sefofane hoo e ka bang a selekane paatsepama feta bohareng ba boima ka lehlakoreng le fapaneng ho tloha tataiso ea kheloha ba lebidi la setereng. Ba chenchana ho etsahala ka nako e telele e le mokhanni ha khutlise lebidi la setereng la ho se nke lehlakore (bao e seng khutlisetsa sepakapakeng boemo ba), le LA ke ke la phetha mokhatlo oo ka tsela e ncha.

Ailerons (ho tloha ho French Aile, lepheo.) - karolo e khōlō ea sefofane, e leng ke e etsoang ka mechine likarolo lepheo diphanele. Di sebediswa bakeng sa taolo ya lifofane ka a selekane longitudinal (ka sefofane ho parola). Ho tloha tse pedi diphanele lepheo, le ailerons le tse peli. Ba sebetsa synchronously, empa, ho fapana ho elevators, eseng khutlisetsa sepakapakeng ho lehlakoreng le leng, 'me e fapaneng. Ha aileron le e mong o khutlisetsa sepakapakeng upwardly, e mong fatše. Ka lepheo tšelisa moo aileron khutlisetsa sepakapakeng ho ea holimo ho phahamisa a ba qobelle e fokotsehile, 'me moo tlaase - eketseha. Le fuselage sefofaneng a dikologela ka tataiso ea aileron tsosoa.

dienjini

lifofane tsohle di a hlomelloa le tsamaiso ophthalmogyric e lumellang ho ntshetsa pele lebelo, ka hona fana ka ho ts'ehetsana sebetse. Dienjini ka kenngoa ka morao ea sefofane (tloaelehileng jete lifofane), pele (likoloi tse nyenyane-enjene) le mapheo (ntlhobolisa lifofane, lipalangoang, bomber mata).

Di arotswe:

• Arabelang - turbojet, pulsating, o kopanetsoe-oa potoloho, ka-phallo.
• Nsete - Piston (masokoana le khannoang), turboprop.
• Lerumo - mokelikeli, tiileng.

tsamaiso ea tse ling

Ya e le hantle, likarolong tse ling tsa lifofane ho boetse ho na le bohlokoa. Cheisi lumella lifofane nka theoha 'me naha le airfields hlomelloa. Ho na le sehahabi, moo phaphamala khethehileng sebelisoa sebakeng sa cheisi ea - ba u lumella hore u ho nka theoha le naha sebakeng leha e le moo ho na le 'mele oa metsi (leoatle, nōkeng, letšeng). Tsebahalang ea mohlala ea lifofane khanya a hlomelloa le skis, bakeng sa ho sebelisoa libakeng le e tsitsitseng lehloa ka e koahela.

lifofane morao-rao li petetsane ka thepa ea elektronike, lisebelisoeng puisano le phetiso ea litaba. Ka lifofane sesole sebedisa mekgwa ya e rarahaneng sebetsa, shebiloeng fumana le pontšo hatelloang.

tlhophiso

Ka taetsano lifofane li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli: ea lehae le sesole. Karolo e khōlō ea lifofane mopalami ba tšoauoa ka ho ba a hlomelloa ka ho ezalaki na mwa ndako bapalami occupying karolo e khōlō ea fuselage ena. A tšobotsi e khethehileng ke portholes mahlakoreng a 'mele.

Civil lifofane li arotsoe ka:

• Mopalami - Airlines sebakeng seo, baahelani ba ka sehloohong (mefuta e fapaneng ya ka tlase ho 2000 km), e le mpe le bolele (mefuta e fapaneng ya ka tlase ho 4000 km) telele (bohōle ba ka tlase ho 9000 km) le Intercontinental (mefuta e fapaneng tse fetang 11 000 km).
• Thepa - Light (boima ba thepa ho fihlela ho tonnes 10), seaplane (mojaro boima ho fihlela ho lithane tse 40) le le boima (boima ba mojaro fetang lithane tse 40).
• morero oa khethehileng - bohloeki, temo, bohlale (leqhoa reconnaissance, ryborazvedka), mollo-ntoa, bakeng sa ho teleskopbomlift ho nka lifoto.
• Koetliso.

Ho fapana le dikai le sechaba, le karolo ea sefofane sa sesole na phutholohile ezalaki na mwa ndako ka portholes. Karolo e khōlō ea fuselage sa tšoare tsamaiso ea libetsa, thepa bakeng sa diphuputso, puisano, Motors le diyuniti tse ling.

Ka taetsano sesole sefofane ea kajeno (ho akarelletsa le mesebetsi ea sesole e le hore ba etsa mesebetsi) ka aroloa ka mefuta e latelang: ralitima, lifofane tlhaselo, bombers (lerumo), reconnaissance, tsamaisa ea sesole, e khethehileng le mehaho ea thusang.

sesebediswa lifofane

The sethusathuto sefofaneng itšetlehile ka oa potoloho aerodynamic, ke eona li le thehoa. Aerodynamic temperaturdiagramm tšoauoa ka palo ea likarolo tsa motheo le tokisetso ea ho jara bokaholimo. Haeba nko ea lifofane ka boholo ba dikai tšoanang, sebakeng se le le geometry oa mapheo a sa le karolo mohatla ka fapana haholo.

Ho na le ea lipotoloho tse latelang LA sesebediswa:

• "Classic".
• "Fofang lepheo".
• "Duck".
• "Tailless".
• "Tandem".
• E fetohang sekemeng.
• Kopantswe sekemeng.

Lifofane entsoeng ke leqheka la classic

Nahana ka karolo e khōlō ea lifofane le mesebetsi ea bona. Classic (tloaelehile) moralo oa dikarolo le likopanong ke tloaelehileng bakeng sa disebedisweng tse ding ho fetisisa lefatšeng, hore na sesole kapa sechaba. Karolo ea ka sehloohong - ka lepheo - sebetsa ka e hloekileng sa khathatseha phallo eo phallang ka thelelo lepheo le baka e itseng ts'ehetsana sebetse.

The seqha sa sekepe e shortened, eo ho fokotsa sebakeng hlokahalang ( 'me ka hona le boima) ya stabilizer paatsepama. Sena ke hobane nko ea fuselage e bakang destabilizing yaw motsotso ka a selekane paatsepama sefofaneng sa. Fokotsa fuselage pele ho ntlafatsa pono ea Lefatše ka pele.

The go tlhoka mesola ya sekemeng tloaelehile ke tse latelang:

• Mosebetsi tshekaletseng mohatla (HT) le slant lepheo ferekanngoa le molapo haholo ho fokotsa bokgoni lona, necessitating tšebeliso ea masiba sebakeng kholoanyane ( 'me ka hona le boima).
• paatsepama mohatla (IN) ho fana ka sefofane botsitso lokela bōpa e mpe le phahamisa matla, ke hore tlaase. Sena se fokotsa bokgoni akaretsang ea lifofane e: ka boholo ba le phahamisa, e leng etsa hore lepheo, ho ke ke ho hlokahala hore ho nka e le hantle, eo e bōpiloe ka tsamaea. eketseha sebakeng lepheo tlameha ho sebelisoa ho kokobetsa ho ketsahalo ena ( 'me ka hona le boima).

lifofane sesebediswa ka "letata"

Ka sebopeho sena, karolo e khōlō ea sefofane le behoa ka tsela e fapaneng ho feta ka dikai "classic". Pele ho tsohle, liphetoho na moleng-tshekaletseng mohatla. Ho e teng ka pel'a lepheo. Tlasa morero ona, e hahiloeng lifofane la hae la pele moi bratya Rayt.

menyetla:

• Lathe mohatla mathang ka phallo sa khathatseha, e leng eketsa bokgoni lona.
• Ho etsa bonnete ba botsitso ba masiba Sefofane baka e le phahamisa o positive, ke hore, e phaella ka ho re ho mphahamisetsa ea lepheo. Sena se nolofalletsa ho fokotsa sebakeng sa eona 'me, ka lebaka leo, boima ba' mele.
• Tlhaho "antispin" tšireletso: monyetla oa ho fetisetsa mapheo ka dikhutloteng supercritical tsa tlhaselo bakeng sa "matata" thoko. stabilizer e beha e le hore e gets angle e khōloanyane ea tlhaselo feta lepheo.
• Hatela morao tsepamiso sefofane le ho eketseha lebelo ha "letata" le hlaha ka tsela e monyenyane ho feta tokisetso ea khale. Sena se etsa hore liphetoho tse nyenyane ka tekanyo e sa longitudinal ee sa fetoleng boemo botsitso ba lifofane, ka lehlakoreng le leng, simplifies le taolo ya le litšobotsi tse lona.

Go tlhoka mesola ya sekemeng "letata":

• Ke senya ho phalla ka feathering e le hlaha e seng feela ka tsoa sefofane dikhutloteng nyenyane tsa tlhaselo, empa hape lona "sagging" ka lebaka la phokotsong ea palo yohle ts'ehetsana lebotho la sona. Ena ke kotsi haholo-holo ho naha ka lebaka la ho planar la sefofane se tloha 'me lulisa.
• Ho ba teng ka pele fuselage mohatla sitisa tlhahlobo mekgwa ya Lefatše tlaase.
• Ho fokotsa ho sebaka sa bolelele pel'a tsoela pele fuselage ke ea bohlokoa. Sena se eketsa destabilizing yaw motsotsoana, 'me, ka lebaka leo, ho eketsa sebaka sa le boima ba' mele ea mohaho.

Lifofane entsoe ka "tailless"

Ka dikai tsa mofuta ona hase ea bohlokoa, e le karolo le tlwaetsego sefofaneng sa. Photo of lifofane "beskhvostok" ( "Concord", "mirage dragon", "seretse se chesang") bontša hore ha ba na mohatla tshekaletseng. Melemo e ka sehloohong ea morero ona ke tsena:

• Fokotsa tse tobileng aerodynamic hanyetsa, e leng bohlokoa ka ho khetheha bakeng sa lifofane ka phahameng lebelo tse kang matha ka. Sena se fokotsa ditjeo mafura.
• Large lepheo torsional tenyetsehe hore ntlafatsa litšobotsi aeroelastic ba finyelloa litšobotsi tse phahameng tsa maneuverability.

go tlhoka mesola:

• Bakeng sa go lekalekanyo ka bang mekhoa sefofane karolo mechine kobendaka bohale (flaps) le hlokahala bokaholimo taolo hlokomoloha hodimo, eo ho fokotsa mphahamisetsa akaretsang ea lifofane e.
• Motswako LA laola tshekaletseng le longitudinal lilepe (ka lebaka la ho ba sieo ha lifte le), ho oa soahlamana litšobotsi tsa ho tshwara. Ho haella ha feathering khethehileng etsa taolo bokaholimo ba ka bohale morao lepheo, ho phetha (haeba ho hlokahala) qoso le ailerons le elevators. taolo bokaholimo tsena ke bitsoa elevons.
• The tshebediso ya le mokhoa phetha molao ho leka-lekanya sefofane sa sitisa sefofane se tloha 'me lulisa lona litšobotsi tse.

"Fofang lepheo"

Le morero ona, ho na le hoo e batlang e ha ho na karolo ea sefofane sa kang fuselage ena. bokae tsohle tse hlokahalang bakeng sa bewa ga basebetsi, payload, enjene, mafura, 'me thepa e ke e bohareng ba lepheo. morero ona o na le le menyetla e latelang:

• Tlaase-tlaase aerodynamic e hula.
• Le boima ba nyenyane ka ho fetisisa mohaho. Tabeng ena, hlama eo kaofela e oela lepheo.
• Ho tloha longitudinal lifofane boholo nyenyane (ka lebaka la ho haella ha fuselage), ka motsotso destabilizing mabapi le selekane lona paatsepama e hlokomolohuoang. Sena se nolofalletsa bayemi ho ka fokotsa ho sebaka sa IN, kapa khetha e tsoa ho eona (linonyana li tsejoa paatsepama mohatla le siyo).

The go tlhoka mesola ke ho rarahana ha itsetsepetse sefofane sefofane.

"Tandem"

Sekemeng "tandem", ha mapheo a mabeli o ile a lokisetsa ho latellana, ka seoelo sebelisa. tharollo ena e sebelisoa ho eketsa sebaka sa lepheo la ka melemo e tšoanang ea molumo lona le bolelele ba fuselage ena. Sena se fokotsa mojaro itseng ka lepheo. The go tlhoka mesola ya morero ona ke kgolo aerodynamic e hula, e ile ea eketseha motsotso ya inertia, haholo-holo kamanong le selekane ho parola sefofaneng sa. Ho phaella moo, ka ho eketsa lebelo la sefofane fetola litšobotsi tsa longitudinal ho leka-lekana lifofane. Ho tsamaisoa holim Jets jwalo ka e ratang ka ho toba ka mapheo, 'me ka masiba ena.

hlakanywa sekemeng

Tabeng ena, likarolo karolo ea lifofane e ka ho kopantswe le merero e fapa-fapaneng mehaho. Ka mohlala, tse tshekaletseng mohatla le faneng ka etelletsoa le aft fuselage. Ba seo ho thoeng ke taolo e tobileng ea ho phahamisa lebotho la 'na ha sebelisoa.

Tabeng ena, nasal stabilizers tshekaletseng hammoho flaps e fana ka le phahamisa eketsehileng. sekontiri se metsi motsotso eo hlaha tabeng ena tla lebisoa ho eketsa angle tsa tlhaselo (nko rapaletse). Bakeng sa motsotso ona Parry tailplane na ho bopa ntlha ho fokotsa angle tsa tlhaselo (nko marotholi). Ho etsa sena, lebotho la karolo mohatla li lokela ho lebisoa hape ho ya hodimo. Ke hore, e le le phahamisa increment ka tsoela pele ka lepheo le mohatla ee ( 'me ka hona ka sefofane kaofela) ntle le ho retelehela ho ka sefofane longitudinal. Tabeng ena, sefofane feela hlaha kantle ho iphetola ha lintho leha e le life mabapi le lona le setsi sa batho ba bangata. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha a aerodynamic phetolo ea lifofane e ke le phethe ho iphetola ha lintho ba e le setsi sa batho ba bangata ka sefofane longitudinal ntle ho fetola tsela ea sefofane lona.

Bokhoni ba ho phetha tsamaisa joalo haholo ntlafatsa tshebetso litšobotsi tsa tsamaisa lifofane. Haholo-holo hammoho le oa ea e tobileng lehlakoreng lebotho la tsamaiso e khopo taolo, e leng seo baetsi ba lifofane ba se ke feela ho ba le mohatla, 'me e boetse e le longitudinal seqha feathering.

e fetohang sekemeng

Sethusathuto sefofane hahoa ke sekemeng e fetohang, khetholloa ka destabilizer tse fuselage pele. Destabilizers mosebetsi ke ho fokotsa ka tekanyo e itseng, 'me esita le ho felisoa ka ho feletseng ho tsamaea ka santhao ba lifofane aerodynamic li bua haholo ka ea bohatelli sefofane supersonic. Sena se eketsa maneuverability tsa lifofane (e leng sa bohlokoa ho baahisane a) le eketsa mefuta e fapaneng le ho fokotsa tshebediso ya mafura (ena ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa lifofane supersonic mopalami).

Destabilizer ka 'na boela ho sebediswa ka lintlha sefofane se tloha / lulisa ho buseletsa ka qoela ho mokgwa wa, e leng o ile a etsa hore ke ho kheloha ya lulisa mechine (flaps, ho flaps) kapa fuselage nko. Ho ea bohatelli sefofane subsonic destabilizer larileng ka bohareng ba fuselage kapa hlomamisa ka moea vane tshebetso (bolokolohi sekametseng tlaase ho linoka).