Cranial methapo, lipara 12 of: human anatomy, mesebetsi tafole

The methapo hlahang boko le extending ho sona, ka moriana o hlalosoa e le cranial kapa cranial methapo (12 lipara). Ba innervate litsoelesa, mesifa, letlalo le litho tsa ka hare tse ling tse teng ka hloohong le molaleng, hammoho le ka cavities ka mpeng le thoracic.

A re ke re bue kajeno ka banyalani ba tsena le ditlolo tseo a hlahang ho 'ona.

Types of methapo cranial

Mong le e mong o ile a re lipara tsa methapo ea kutlo e denoted ke ho sebediswa makgetlo a Roma ho tloha ba pele ba ho bolesomepedi, ho ea ka sebaka se bona ka e le setsi sa boko. Ba leng teng ka taelo e latelang:

1) olfactory;

2) spotting;

3) oculomotor;

4) le literata;

5) trigeminal;

6) ho khelosa metsi;

7) sefahleho;

8) utloa;

9) glossopharyngeal;

10) lelera;

11) e atolositsoeng;

12) sublingual.

Tsena li akarelletsa autonomic efferent le afferent likhoele le cores bona ba sebakeng taba ea bohlooho ea boko. Ho itšetlehile ka ho hlophisoa ha likhoele methapo ea kutlo, tsohle methapo cranial (12 lipara) di arotswe kutlo, le metsamao ya mmele e tsoakiloeng. A re ke re tšohleng lipotso tseo ka tsela ena.

mefuta e hlokolosi

sehlopha sena se akarelletsa olfactory, bonwang le utluwang methapo.

The methapo olfactory ke dithulaganyo tse ka nasal mucosa. Ho qala ka la nasal cavity, ba tšela poleiti theiboleng le ke loketse ho tleloubu olfactory, moo neuron pele e fella ka 'me a qala tsela e bohareng.

Spotting para na le likhoele extending tsoa dikhouno retina le melamu. methapo ea tsohle ke karolo ea moqomo le se seng ka cavity cranial. Pele, ba ile ba theha e tšela, joale pampitšana optic, boko bakoang circumferential faeba optic le litsing mofani. Ka methapo ea kutlo 'ngoe ho akarelletsa ho ka bang milione likhoele (axons tsa methapo ea kutlo tsa retina)' me, ho phaella moo, ho kenyelletsa ditokiseletso motho eo e seng ka hara botshehadi e, ha e mong a - ka hare. Methapo ea kutlo kena cranium ka le kanaleng bonwang.

Ke para borobeli la methapo cranial ba utloa - lipara 12 tsa batho ba bang, ho phaella ho tsena tse tharo ho matleng a ka enjene kapa e tsoakiloeng. Ka utluwang likhoele methapo ea kutlo tse laela ho tloha tsebe bohareng ho nuclei ba. Ka e mong le e ba bona ba kena skeletal le cochlear motso. Ba eketsa ho tloha tsebe bohareng le tse ka hare ho cerebellopontine angle.

mefuta dilenaneo

Ka sehlopha se seng sa lipara 12 of methapo cranial ke oculomotor, le literata, tlatsetso, sublingual le sehokelo methapo.

Ba babeli ba boraro, i.e. oculomotor methapo na autonomic, enjene, le likhoele parasympathetic. Di arotsoe ka makala a ka holimo le tlaase. Le feela makala a ka holimo ke dilenaneo sehlopha. Ba karolo ea mesifa e hlahisa eyelid.

Ho sehlopha se latelang ho akarelletsa ho thibela methapo tse lebisang leihlo ho falla. Ha re bapisa cranial methapo tsohle - 12 lipara - tsena ke tiea ho fetisisa. Li simoloha ho tloha khubung ho tegmentum, ebe oa aparela boko bakoang le o ile a laela ka orbit e, innerviruya holimo oblique mesifa ea apole leihlo.

Abducens amana ho tsamaisa mesifa leihlo. Ba na le dilenaneo konokono ka sekoting. Tsoa ea boko, ba romeloa ho ba phahameng orbital lepetsong, innerviruya na tokelo mesifa leihlo.

methapo eketsehileng simoloha ho tloha medulla oblongata le libakeng tse cervical ea thapo lesapo la mokokotlo. Metso motho a amanang ho theko e mong extending ka lesoba le e aroloe ke makala Link le ka hare. Hare ea lekala, le nang le likhoele ameha ka innervation tsa larynx le pharynx, ho o khomaretse e methapo ea kutlo vagus.

Le ea ho qetela ea lipara 12 of methapo cranial (Lethathamo leo ho le bonolo ho e hlahisa qetellong ea sehlooho se reng,) tse amanang le dilenaneo ea, ke le methapo ea kutlo hypoglossal. Tšimoloho ea methapo ea kutlo ena ke cerebrospinal. Empa, ka mor'a nako, ho o ile a khutlela ka lehata la. Ho hlakile hore e ke dilenaneo methapo ea kutlo ea puo eo. Metso hlaha ho tswa ho medulla oblongata ebe tšela mothapo carotid le kenya mesifa-lingual arola ka makala.

maikutlo a tsoakiloeng

sehlopha sena se akarelletsa trigeminal, sefahleho, glossopharyngeal le methapo vagus. Ka methapo ea kutlo e tsoakiloeng, ganglia na, a tšoanang le bona ba ba teng le ka lesapo la mokokotlo, empa ba u se ke ua ba le ka pele le ka morao le metso. Ba na le dilenaneo le mefuta kutlo faeba ba ile ba kopanela le kutu feela ba tloaelehileng. Hape, ba ka 'na ba feela ka bophara.

Tenyetseha 12 lipara e fapaneng ya methapo cranial. Kahoo, ea boraro, ea bosupa, ea borobong le ea leshome lipara na likhoele parasympathetic ka dikarolo le khumo hore ba tsamaisoa ho ganglia autonomic. Ba bangata ba bona di ne tsa kopanngwa makala, moo likhoele fapaneng.

The methapo ea kutlo trigeminal na metso e 'meli, moo kholoanyane e ela hloko le nyenyane - tsa likoloi. letlalo innervation ba tsona etsahalang ka libakeng tse moqhaka, litsebe le selelu. Innervation hape hapa le conjunctiva le leihlo apole, Dura, mucous - nko le molomo, meno le marenene, hammoho le karolo e khōlō ea leleme.

methapo ea kutlo Trigeminal teng pakeng tsa maoto cerebellar, bohareng, 'me borokho. Masela nahanela motso ganglion rapaletse phiramiti ho ya ntango haufi le tlhorong eo Ho thehoa ke petsoha ea Dura. Ba qetella ka motheo oa methapo ea kutlo, e leng e teng ka sekoting, 'me motheo oa tsela lesapo la mokokotlo, ho tsoela pele ka medulla oblongata,' me joale a romeletsa ho ya khoele lesapo la mokokotlo. Motor methapo ea kutlo le motso likhoele simoloha ho tloha khubung trigeminal, e ka borokho.

Ho tswa ho ganglion tloha upper-, tlaase mohlahare, 'me methapo ea kutlo optic. qetellang e mamela, seo e arotsoe nosoresnichny, tse tobileng 'me meokho eohle. Innervation 12 cranial methapo lipara fapana ha feela har'a bona lipara, empa hape derivatives makala. Kahoo, lacrimal methapo ea kutlo innervates le hlaha ka lehlakoreng le lateral ha leihlo, feta lacrimal tšoelesa makala secretory. The methapo ea kutlo tse tobileng, ka ho latellana, e se makala a phatleng le fanang ka eona mucosa. Nosoresnichny fanang ka leihlo, 'me o tloha methapo lekhoakhoa hore innervate le nasal mucosa.

E ela hloko le maxillary methapo ea kutlo extending pterygopalatine fossa le palatal-tobane le ka pele sefahleho. Ho eena e simolohe ka holimo methapo alveolar hore ea meno a mohlahare e ka holimo 'me marenene. The methapo ea kutlo le fetisa ka marameng tsa methapo ea kutlo ganglion e ka morao ea nko ho mucosa lona le nasopharynx. Methapo ea kutlo likhoele tse le kutloelo-bohloko le parasympathetic.

Ho mofuta ya e tsoakiloeng ke methapo ea kutlo mandibular. Ho na le motso tsa likoloi. makala a sona kutlo e kenyeletsa buccal methapo ea kutlo fa e mucosal tšoanetseng ushno-ya ntango innervating letlalo ka litempele le litsebe le-lingual, e fanang ka keletso le libui tse ka morao. Tlaasana alveolar methapo ea kutlo e tsoakiloeng. Tsamaea ka mohlahareng tlaase, e qetella ka selelu hae, branching mona ka letlalo le mucosa ba Molomo o tlaase. makala a tlameletsoe ho ganglia autonomic:

• ushno-ya ntango methapo ea kutlo - le tsebe eo innervate ea tšoelesa parotid;
• -lingual methapo ea kutlo - le ganglion fana innervation ka litsoelesa submandibular le sublingual.

Ho pele kenyeletsa dilenaneo le kutlo methapo cranial. likhoele tsoakiloeng bopa mouthfeel. Ba bang ba likhoele innervate mona lacrimal le mathe litsoelesa, 'me ba bang - ka pele tse peli ho ba bararo ea leleme.

Sefahleho methapo ea kutlo e na le likhoele dilenaneo, ho qala ka mekoting e ka holimo. Sena se akarelletsa lipakeng tatso methapo ea kutlo 'me likhoele parasympathetic. Ba bang ba dithulaganyo tse ganglion, sephetho le gustatory likhoele tsa methapo ea kutlo vagus le glossopharyngeal. A simolleng ka e meng mathe le lacrimal nuclei haufi enjene liboto.

Sefahleho methapo ea kutlo e qala ka moko cerebellopontine angle, 'me joale o tsoela pele ka ho le kanaleng ka pel'a meatus utluwang. Ho na le khoele e le moqomo, feta e cavity amanang le methapo ea kutlo-lingual. Ho akarelletsa ho flavoring le parasympathetic likhoele tseo finyella ganglion submandibular.

The methapo ea kutlo ea sefahleho exits le litempele lesapo le tšoareloa tšoelesa parotid, moo intertwining. Kahoo makala li arohanang Fan e bōpehileng joaloka tsela. Ka nako ena, tsohle innervated mesifa e amanang le etsisa, 'me ba bang ba batho ba bang. Branch ka molala la makala a ea sefahleho methapo ea kutlo ka mesifa hae subcutaneous.

Glossopharyngeal para hlokomela innervation lacrimal litsoelesa, morao puo ea karolo e itseng, le tsebe ka hare le pharynx. Motor likhoele lebisoa ho stylopharyngeus mesifa le detrusor metso le phopholetsa - bakeng sa parotid tšoelesa ho ushnomu ganglion. The nuclei ba methapo tsena, ho fapana ho nuclei tse ling tse lipara 12 of methapo cranial, ba lokisetsa ka sekoting sa - triangolo tsa methapo ea kutlo vagus.

likhoele Parasympathetic qala ho mathe khubu. Glossopharyngeal methapo ea kutlo, ho fallela hōle le medulla oblongata fetela le ho puo e le setsi. From ganglion methapo ea kutlo e qala moqomo le likhoele parasympathetic extending ho ganglion tsebe. Ka mor'a moo, qala-lingual, mindalikovye le methapo pharyngeal. methapo-lingual innervate leleme.

Lelera para lisebelisoa parasympathetic innervation ka mpeng le ka sefubeng le molaleng. methapo ea kutlo ena e na le dilenaneo le likhoele kutlo. Mona ke innervation kholo ka ho fetisisa. The methapo ea kutlo vagus na le liboto kopanetsoe:

• dorsal;
• pampitšana le mong.

Siea tsa mohloaare molaleng, ho re susumelletsa hore le sosobaneng neuro-vascular, ebe se makala a.

itlhokomoloso

Dysfunctions ka ba le cranial methapo tsohle - 12 banyalani ba. Human anatomy ba libakeng tse amehileng e bontšoa ka maemo a fapaneng ba cores kapa shafts. Ho etsa tepelletse maikutlong, e ka botebo ho hlahloba dithulaganyo intracranial pathological. Ha lethopa ama lehlakoreng le leng la konokono ka, le likhoele, ho ka etsahala, ho ke ho tlōla mesebetsi leha e le efe ea ameha lipara 12 of methapo cranial.

lithuto tsa Neuroscience Leha ho le joalo, 'me matšoao a ka lehlakoreng le leng. Ebe fumanoa tshenyo litseleng. E boetse e etsahala hore ho se sebetse ea methapo ea kutlo le a amanang le ho ruruha, arachnoid cyst, abscess, malformations vascular, le e hlophisitsweng, e meng e tšoanang.

Tahlehelo tsoa hong ea lipara 12 of methapo cranial, ke hore, ho hyoid le vagus le glossopharyngeal, o ile a tsejoa e le bulbar bobokong. Sena ke lefu le kotsi haholo, kaha ho na le kgonego ya bolwetse litsi bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa bakoang boko.

Tsebo ea sebakeng ponagalo ya naga tsa methapo ea kutlo cranial lumella u ho hantle hlwaya karolo moqotetsane tsa e mong le e lethopa. Ho khanna ho etsa lipatlisiso, ho akarelletsa dithekeniki khethehileng. Le thepa e loketseng, kajeno ho ka etsahala ho senola lintlha tsohle tsa puso ea fundus, ea methapo ea kutlo optic, ho hlahloba naha ea pono le foci ea tahlehelo. ho etsa lipatlisiso k'homphieutha dumella phahameng sebetsa ka ho nepahetseng fumane sebaka senyehile.

ho etsa lipatlisiso ophthalmological

Lewa lena lumella ho lemoha irregularities ka oculomotor, le literata le methapo efferent banyalani ba senola fokolang locomotor mosebetsi thaka tsa, exophthalmos lengolo la bobeli. Bolwetse ba bonwang le methapo ea kutlo utluwang ka bakoang ke narrowing tsa kanale ea ho lesapo kapa, ho fapana le hoo, katoloso ea eona. Fumanoe e entsoeng ka beetsweng ka holimo ea orbit le, hammoho le tse fapa-fapaneng openings lehata.

Verterbalnaya le carotid angiography

Mokhoa ona o boleng tsa ho akaretsa malformations vascular le dithulaganyo intracranial. Leha ho le joalo, boitsebiso bo qaqileng bo eketsehileng mabapi le ditaba tsena e tla fana ka k'homphieutha tomography. Ho visualizes cranial methapo ea kutlo likutu, hlahloba hlahala bonwang le utluwang para le pathologies tse ling.

rheotachygraphy

Botebo thuto ea methapo cranial ile ha etsoa leboha khoneha ho ntshetsopele ya mokhoa ona. Ho ea etsang qeto profinseng ea ho itlelang feela mesifa hlafunoang le mosebetsi etsisa, mesifa ea leleme, mahalapa a bonolo le mesifa tse ling. Electromyography hape lumella ho a bale tekanyo ea tšusumetso e tsoang ho conduction hammoho likutu ea sefahleho, hypoglossal le kathoko methapo. Ho finyella sena, re fuputsa panya reflex ka karabelo e fanoeng ke trigeminal le methapo ea sefahleho.

Methapo ea kutlo ho hlahloba ka le matšoao a itseng methapo cranial

Mokhoa ona o etsoa ka taelo e tobileng. E qala ka phuputso e entsoeng tsa methapo ea kutlo olfactory. Cotton ulu soaked ka hlasimollang tlisetsang linkong tsa ka alternately. The methapo ea kutlo optic lekoa bakeng sa litlhahlobo leihlo, oo ka oona, ho phaella ho mo ntša kotsi ka ho toba, ba sitoa esita le ho hlwaya liphetoho mahareng. Bolwetse ka apara ema felo gotee, holofatsang, a hlabang kapa methapo ea kutlo e ka ka ho feletseng timetsoa.

Diso latelang lipara tse tharo 12 of methapo ea kutlo cranial (oculomotor, trochlear le tjhajolla) fetoha sesosa diplopia le strabismus. Ho ka 'na boela la hlaha e ka holimo eyelid ptosis, mydriasis, diplopia.

Tsela e sa tloaelehang ka para bohlano, ke hore, ka methapo ea kutlo trigeminal, ea isang ho ho senyeha ba nahanela ka lehlakoreng la sefahleho, moo ba ileng ba e-ba teng. Sena se ka bonoa ka litempele, phatleng le cheekbones, mahlo, selelu le melomo. Hoa etsahala hore o ikutloa a utloe bohloko bo boholo, ho na le rashes le liphetoho tse ling. Hobane methapo ea sefahleho na maqhama a mangata, ka nako eo para sena se tšoauoa ka sa tšoaneng a itšoare pathological.

Tabeng ea tlōlo ea methapo ea kutlo utluwang e bo ntse bo mpefala ho utloa, glossopharyngeal - litsebeng nahanela ka tsebe e ka hare, le hypoglossal - feela puo e sisinyehang. Tabeng ea methapo ea kutlo vagus develops shoele litho tsa mahalapa a le bonolo 'me lentsoe khoele. Hape e ke a qhalana pelo morethetho, respiration, le mesebetsi e meng visceral-vegetative.

mafu a rarahaneng le methapo cranial (12 lipara): human anatomy, tafole

Mosebetsi oa likhoele methapo ea kutlo e ka hataketse bobeli le mong 'me ka kopana le, hammoho le pathologies tse sa tšoaneng tsa lehata tlaase. Ho joalo, ha methapo ea kutlo kaofela ba ameha ka lehlakoreng le leng la botlaaseng cranial, puo e buang ka lefu Garcin. Ha lihlahala mahlo tsa lesapo le dinama tse nyenyane tse bonolo le hlaha lefu phahametse orbital lepetsong. Ka diso le obnyatelnogo le methapo ea kutlo optic hlaha lefu Kennedy.

Tsena le mafu a mang ho hlaha ka bobeli ka batho ba baholo 'me ka ba le bana. Bakeng sa bana methapo ea kutlo haholo-holo khafetsa tshenyo tse amanang le malformations.

Mona ka tlase ke le sebopeho ka eo motho a ka utloisisa hantle hore na mokhoa oa ho sebetsa le methapo cranial (12 lipara). Human anatomy (tafole thehiloe tsebong lona) le tla u thusa ho tsamaea le intricacies ea tšebetso ea lihlopha tsa bona tse sa tšoaneng.

bofello

Re sheba methapo tsohle cranial - 12 banyalani ba. Human anatomy ba tafole mosebetsi sehloohong se bontša hore tsohle methapo cherpno-bokong ba le sebopeho rarahaneng, e haufi-ufi amanang le mong le e tse ling. 'Me haeba mosebetsi o kenngwa tshebetsong le fokolang kapa ha a etsa, joale ho na le ditlolo.

Hantle ho ithuta ka methapo cranial tsohle (12 lipara) tafole. Neurology, ho sebelisa ya data ena, 'me ka lebaka la thepa e khethehileng ea kajeno, a hatela pele ka bohlokoa ka bokhoni ba ho fumanoe nakong le kalafo e atlehang ea bakuli.