Chromosome, phatsa ea lefutso le liphatsa tsa lefutso liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso le thepa tsa bona

phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso   (From ho Latin lentsoe "mutatio" - phetoho) - ke phetoho phehellang ka genotype, e leng e hlahile ka tšusumetso ea lintlha ka hare kapa ka ntle. Khetholla chromosomal, liphatsa tsa lefutso le liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso genomic.

Ke'ng se etsang hore liphetoho tse bang teng?

• maemo a bohloko a tikoloho, maemo a ile a bōpa experimentally. liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso tse joalo li bitsoang hlohlelletsoa.
• Ba bang ba dithulaganyo ka seleng phelang ea 'mele. Mohlala: litsebeng DNA ho lokisa, DNA boikatiso, recombination liphatsa tsa lefutso.

Mutagens - lintlha tse bakang liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso. Abelana ka:

• Physical - ntšang mahlaseli a kotsi bola, ionizing mahlaseli le mahlaseli, mocheso ke phahameng haholo kapa tlaase haholo.
• Lik'hemik'hale - fokotsa mahlahana le mahlahana oxidizing, alkaloids, alkylating mahlahana, urea nitro, chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, solvents manyolo, ba bang ba meriana.
• Likokoana-hloko - ba bang ba likokoana-hloko, lihlahisoa tsa metabolism (metabolism), antigens ea microorganisms fapaneng.

Basic thepa liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso

• Futsitseng.
• Bakoa ke lintho tse ngata tse ka hare le ka ntle.
• La hlaha ka tšohanyetso 'me ka tšohanyetso, ka linako tse ling ka makhetlo-khetlo.
• Ka mutate phatsa ea lefutso efe kapa efe.

ke lintlheng life?

• Genomic phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso - lea feto-fetoha, tse tsejoang ka ho lahleheloa kapa tlaleletsa ka chromosome e le 'ngoe (kapa ho feta) kapa haploid feletseng. Ho na le mefuta e 'meli ea liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso - le geteroploidiyu polyploidy.

Polyploidy - phetoho e palo ea chromosomes hore ke multiple ea sete haploid. Ke ka seoelo haholo ka liphoofolo. Ka batho, ho na le mefuta e 'meli ea polyploidy: triploidy le Tetraploidy. Bana ba hlaha a ena le liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso tsena ka tloaelo ho phela ha ho ho feta khoeli, 'me ho ka etsahala hore shoa ka ho ba sethaleng sa ntshetsopeleng embryonic.

Geteroploidiya (kapa aneuploidy) - phetoho e palo ea chromosomes hore ke batho bao e seng multiple sulphonate sete. Ka lebaka la phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso ena ba tsoetsoe ba le palo e sa tloaelehang ea chromosomes motho - polisomiki le monosomiki. About 20-30 a etsang liphesente monosomikov shoa ka matsatsing a pele a ea ho hōla fetal. Ba tsoetsoeng ho na le batho ba nang le lefu Turner o. liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso Genomic ka limela le liphoofolo e hape ho fapane.

• liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso Chromosomal - tsena ke liphetoho tse etsahalang ka tsosoloso ea sebopeho chromosome. Ha phetiso ena e hlokomela, ba tahlehelo kapa palopedi karolo ea lintho tse bonahalang le liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa chromosomes le 'ngoe kapa ho feta,' me ho fetola ho tlwaetsa likarolo chromosomal ka chromosomes motho. Maemong a sa tloaelehang ho ka etsahala Robertsonian translocation, ke hore, lenyalo la chromosomes.

• Gene liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso. Ka lebaka la liphetoho tse bang teng joalo etsahala insertions, deletions kapa substitutions ba le 'ngoe kapa nucleotides' maloa, 'me botjha kapa pitikololo ya likarolong tse fapaneng tsa phatsa ea lefutso e. Liphello tsa mofuta oa liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso phatsa ea lefutso ho fapane. Boholo ba bona ba recessive, e sa bonahaleng.

Liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso li arotsoe ka somatic le ho ikatisa

• Somatic phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso - ho fetola lisele tsohle tsa 'mele ntle le diretswe go dira gametes. Ka mohlala, haeba le phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso tsa sele dimela ho tloha eo ho a liphio e ile lokela ho hlaolela le ho ka nako eo baleha, lisele tsohle tsa eona tse mutated. Ho joalo, ka morung ba currants khubelu ka 'na ea Lekala le monokotsoai le ba batsho kapa tse tšoeu.

• Ikatisa phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso - ho fetola lisele primordial kokoana-hloko kapa diretswe go dira gametes, tse thehoa. thepa tsa bona tse isoa moloko o latelang.

Ke mofuta wa tshusumetso ka phelang phelang liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso tse:

• Lethal - lipane tsa phetoho joalo kapa shoa ka tshebetso ya ntshetsopele ya bokgoni embryonic, ebang ke ka nako e khutšoanyane ka mor'a tsoalo. Ho batla ho tsohle genomic liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso.
• Halofo ea bolaeang (mohlala, hemophilia) - tse tšoauoa ka sa senyeha bohale opereishene ea tsamaiso efe kapa efe 'meleng. Maemong a mangata, halofo ea bolaeang phetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso, haufinyane haholo isa lefung.
• Useful liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso - ke motheong oa ho iphetola hoa lintho, ba ile ba etsa hore ho hlaha ha matšoao a, 'mele o hloka. Ba tsitsitseng, matšoao ana ho ka etsa hore ho thehoe subspecies le lecha kapa mefuta e.