Cha tsa peterole tsa likoloi

Peterole - hoo e batlang e colorless mokelikeli le monko o bath, e leng mokhatlo rarahaneng tsa liketane hydrocarbon hore li fapana ka sebopeho bona. From liketane tsena, tse bitsoang dikotwana itšetlehileng ka litšobotsi tse mafura: belang ntlha le ntlha leqhoa, volatility le thepa tse ling.

tlhahiso ea peterole

Peterole ke sehlahisoa sa oli hloekisoa. The octane palo, hammoho le bohloeki, ea etsang qeto ea cha tsa peterole. Mekhoa e ka sehloohong ea ho hlahisa mofuta ona wa mafura - e ho sokolla, ho petsoha le sublimation tobileng.

Peterole ka boela ka lokisoa ho tloha likhase tlhaho le amanang, mashala le shale. E e sebediswa eseng feela e le mafura a empa hape e le solvent, 'me e le ho hlatsoa liaparo extractor, lihlahisoa tse tala ho indasteri e peterolo.

Ho sa tsotellehe ho e mengata e fapaneng ho ena mefuta e tsa dikopo, e fetang 90% ea peterole ba lefatše e sebelisoa e le mafura bakeng sa dienjini combustion e ka hare. Ho na le mefuta e 'meli e ka sehloohong ea peterole: lifofane le likoloi.

Cha peterole fapana ho itšetlehile ka boemo ba boleng: a phahameng ho, mathata ka tlaase ho moo le tshebetso le tlhokomelo ya koloi.

Tsela motheo bakeng sa ho hlahisa peterole - ho petsoha thulaganyong, eo ke se mahareng hloekisa oli e tala. Nakong ea ho petsoha hydrocarbons boima li robehileng theoha, ho eketsa molumo oa mokelikeli o qetile ka 60%. Thermal petsoha se etsoa ka mocheso oa tse fetang 500 ^{° C,} kahoo ke cha tsa peterole ka octane lintlha tsa 70.

Kajeno, mafura bakeng sa lifofane le thepa likoloi hlahisoa refineries hlomelloa le thepa gana. The oli o tlang e tsoakane ka ho bona, a sireletsa me ba 'na ka ho fana ka litanka tsa khethehileng. E ka nako eo ea behoa tlas'a hlatsoa, dehydration le distillation. Ka lebaka la ho li otlolohile-matha peterole, tšoauoa ka botsitso phahameng lik'hemik'hale. Sephalli ba hloekisa, sebabole e tlosoa sebopeho bona, eketsa octane tshebetso.

Tshebediso ya pele ya gasolines otlolohileng-matha lumelloa ho eketsa enjene matla le ka bokgoni, empa e le maruo ne e khutšoanyane: mafura motsoako e phatloha ka kamoreng combustion e ha e halefile ke compression. Detonation tsa khumo le ho ba sesosa sa ho hloleha tsa likoloi. Tharollo ea bothata bona e le ho sebelisa lintho tse khethehileng --ba khahlanong le kokota. The atlehang ka ho fetisisa ba bona ba ke tetraethyl pele. Ka lebaka leo, ho hanyetsa detonation ea peterole ba ile ba qala ho hlahlojoa octane, 'me tsona e ile ea lebitso cha. E tlang ho ya ka litsela tse ngata - ho etsa lipatlisiso, dilenaneo le mocheso.

Ditlhoko tsa boleng tsa peterole

Ka lifofane le likoloi ba lokela ho finyella litlhokahalo tse itseng tse itseng e thehiloeng ke baeti e le hore ho etsa bonnete ba tshebetso e phahameng. Har'a ka litekanyetso tsena ke bona ba ka sehloohong tse hlano:

1. Palophatlo sebopeho.
2. Botsitso ba ea lik'hemik'hale.
3. Volatility.
4. Ho hanyetsa detonation.
5. Tšekamelo ea hore ho thehoe mosili.

palophatlo sebopeho

Palophatlo sebopeho le fana ka litla ka dilenaneo tshebetso, tšoauoa ka thepa tse 'maloa. Pele ea bana ba - the mocheso ambient. E ama peresente ya lipheletsong leseli. E ka tlaase e, le ho feta e le likaroloana tlameha ho tse mafura le. Tabeng ena ngata haholo ho ka etsa hore mouoane notlelea.

La bobeli le la boraro - ka nako ile a qeta ka futhumala ho fihlela enjene, le tekanyo ea ho apara liaparo tse sa diselennere le pistons. Mocheso ambient o boetse o na le tšusumetso e bohlokoa ka entsprechen tsena, kahoo ea ho hlophisoa palophatlo fapane mariha le lehlabula limaraka tsa peterole. Empa mafutsana peterole volatility ka etsa hore ingress kenye ka kamoreng e combustion e le crankcase karoloana lona mokelikeli leng isang ho hlapholla ya enjene oli le enjene ho hloleha.

lik'hemik'hale botsitso

Ho fapana ho itšetlehile ka tekanyo ea ho kena moea ea likarolo mafura, 'me ho ka etsa hore ho hlaha ka lipolaka, di-valve le diyuniti tse ling enjene mosili. Lik'hemik'hale botsitso ba peterole - matla a ho ho boloka thepa ea lona, ho sa tsotellehe tikoloho.

evaporability

E hlalosa bokhoni ba peterole ho feta ho tloha mokelikeli ho puso gaseous bile ba kopanya le moea ho theha e motsoako combustible. Volatility ama ho qala ha enjene, ho itšetlehile ka ho hlophisoa palophatlo tsa peterole.

thepa detonation

Bokhoni ba peterole sa hotetsa ha a petetswa. Lipono tse makatsang tsa detonation - se le monate 'me kotsi, hobane seo se ka lebisa overheating ya metsamao ya mmele le senya eona. paramethara ena itšetlehile eseng feela ka ea mafura sebopeho, empa hape ka enjene moralo.

fouling

Joale ka lehoakhoa hlophisoa peterole ka fetoha sesosa sa fouling. Hangata ka ho fetisisa e beha ka carburetor, e leng isang ea eketseha mafura, fokotswa matla le mathata a mang. Thibela ketsahalo e sa mobung ka finyelloang ka ho eketsa additives khethehileng.

peterole

Fuel e tšoauoa ho itšetlehile ka palo octane: a phahameng e le, e khōlō le ho hanyetsa detonation ea mafura, ka ho latellana, ho ka sebelisoa dienjini ntle le phahameng compression karo-karolelano ea motsoako mafura. Mohlala:

• Peterole A-76 - Motor octane palo, mokhoa oa seng ka tlase ho 76.
• Peterole 80 - octane lintlha tsa bonyane ba ka bang 80.
• Peterole 92 - octane nomoro ya bonyane 92.
• Peterole AI-95 - octane, ka ho latellana, seng ka tlase ho 95.

Motor peterole e tšoailoe ka lengolo le "A" sefofane - ka lengolo "B", dinomoro tse ho latellana li-index lona nomoro kapa octane. Haeba, pele index ke lengolo "Ke", ho bolela hore ho etsa lipatlisiso octane palo lekanya tsela. Ho ba sieo ha lengolo le se buang ka ho sebelisa mokhoa tsa likoloi.

E sebetsang tšebeliso ea peterole e itšetlehile ka thepa ea motheo - ho hanyetsa detonation. Palo octane bontša khetho ena ho dilenaneo peterole. Lifofane mafura sehlopheng ke pontšo ea lona thepa-ba khahlanong le kokota.

Cha ya metsamao peterole ba classified toba thepa ena. Bakeng sa lifofane peterole ka mor'a lengolo la "B" - ho etsa mohlala, B / -100 / 130 - o ile a bontša octane sehlopheng tsa mafura tse sebetsang sebakeng sa hae e le lerei ka. Ho eketsa ho hanyetsa peterole detonation ka phaella ka ho re ho ea ho hlophisoa lona additives itseng - tetraethyl pele.

mafura a tšoaea

Ho fihlela joale, linaha CIS entse Brands e 'maloa ea peterole ba limaraka tse sa tšoaneng: lehlabula, mariha, leaded, unleaded le maloetilirovannyh.

matshwao Leaded peterole ba penta ka mebala e sa tšoaneng, ka mohlala, A-72 pinki, AI-93 - e khubelu-lamunu, AI-98 - putsoa.

Linaheng tse tsoang linaheng tse ling, peterole e fumaneha ka Brands tse pedi tse kgolo: "Premium" sehlopheng pele RON 97-98 le "kamehla" bobeli sehlopheng RON 90-94. United States, Brithani le linaha tse ling tse ling ho hlahisa mafura a "Super", ho octane palo ea tsona e la 99-102.

Ka potso ea mofuta ofe peterole e molemo, a ke ke a araba unequivocally: bakeng sa e mong le e koloi sebelisoa ke sehlopheng ho khetheha ea peterole. Bakeng sa likoloi imported moetsi o buella tšebeliso ea mafura, e octane palo e seng ka tlase ho 91-92, bakeng sa likoloi tse hahiloeng ka 90s ea - ka octane lintlha tsa bonyane 94.

peterole bath ya cha peterole le boleng lona e behilweng ke dikahare ka ho hlophisoa ha alkalis, acid, sebabole le metsoako manyolo le tekanyo ea ho silafatsoa. Hangata, seteisheneng khase CIS ka kopana le mafura a tlaase sehlopheng, ho sebelisa e ka etsang hore ba roale pele ho nako le ho hloleha ha koloi.

Ea kajeno hare dienjini combustion e batla hore a latele ka tieo le ka dikgothaletso ho moetsi oa ka mafura a sebelisoang: tlatsa feela peterole sehlopheng boletsweng ke moetsi oa unit trust matla. Sena ke ka lebaka la ho isa tekanyong ea compression ea motsoako mafura, enjene moralo le silindara bokgoni. Ka mohlala, ba boholoanyane le compression le combustion kamoreng bophahamo ba modumo, e phahameng le mafura octane lintlha. Ka kopanela hundredths mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano tsa compression hlokahala, ho ea ka bayemi, ho ya ka yuniti ya palo octane.