-amino acid: lethathamo, ho tobileng moralo o balletsweng. Karolo e phethoang ke-amino acid tse 'mele. Tseo lijo tse nang le-amino acid?

Mong le e mong ea tsebang mong ho tloha lithuto k'hemistri hore amino acid ke "diboloko tse ahang" ho haha le liprotheine. Ho na le-amino acid tse 'mele ea rōna e khona ho synthesize, empa ho na le ba e tlisoang feela ho tloha ka ntle, hammoho le limatlafatsi tse ngata. Nahana ka amino acid (lethathamo), karolo ea bona 'meleng, ho tloha eo lihlahisoa tsa fihla ho rōna.

Karolo e phethoang ke-amino acid

lisele tse rona kamehla ba le tlhokahalo ea-amino acid. liprotheine lijo li robehileng theoha ka e ntse likahare ka-amino acid. Ka mor'a moo, amino acid li kena kemisong ea mali, moo liprotheine tse tsa maiketsetso tse ncha, ho itšetlehile ka lenaneo le liphatsa tsa lefutso le ditlhoko tsa 'mele. amino acid bohlokwa, lenane la tseo e fanoeng ka tlaase mona, re fumana ho tswa ho lijo. 'mele fapanyetsana synthesizes lona. Ntle le hore amino acid - ke dikarolo mehaho ea lihaha-'mele, ba ne ba boetse synthesize dintho fapaneng. amino acid e phetha karolo 'meleng e khōlō. Proteinogenic le nonproteinogenic-amino acid - selelekela tsa nitrogenous makalana, divithamini, li-hormone, peptides, alkaloids, romediatorov 'me ba bangata metsoako tse ling tsa bohlokoa. Mohlala, vithamine maq e tsa maiketsetso tloha tryptophan; hormone norepinephrine, thyroxine, adrenaline - ho tloha tyrosine. asiti Pantothenic Ho thehoa ho tswa ho amino acid e valine. Proline ke lisele tsa tshireletso ho tloha tse fapa-fapaneng likhatellong, mohlala ho kena moea.

Kakaretso litšobotsi tsa amino acid e

Naetrojene-e nang le e phahameng boima liprotheine limolek'hule, o ile a re e le metsoako manyolo tse hlahisoang tloha litlhaka kahare ho amino acid e li ikopanya ka litlamo peptide. Ka tsela e fapaneng ke polymers, monomers eo ke amino acid. Sebōpeho sa protheine le kenyelleditswe ba likete tse makholo litlhaka kahare amino acid e ikopanya le ka litlamo peptide. List of-amino acid tse fumanoang linthong tsa tlhaho, ke kholo ka ho lekaneng, ba ile ba fumana tse ka bang makholo a mararo. Ke kena le matla a sa protheine le-amino acid tse arotswe proteinogenic ( "protheine beleha" tsa mantsoe "protheine" - protheine "Genese" - beleha) le nonproteinogenic. Ka vivo, palo ea amino acid proteinogenic batlang e le tse nyenyane, ho na le mashome a mabeli feela. Ho phaella ho tsena tekanyetso mashome a mabeli, e ka fumanoa liprotheine fetotsoeng-amino acid, ba nkiloeng ho tloha acid tloaelehile hore batho ba amino. Bakeng sa batho bao e seng proteinogenic ba elang tse se karolo ea protheine ena. Ho na le α, β le γ. All protheine amino acid - e α-amino acid, ba na le tšobotsi mehaho tšobotsi eo ka ho ketekoa ka setšoantšo hlahiswa mona ka tlase: teng ha lihlopha Amine le carboxyl, di bonded ka α-boemo ba k'habone athomo. Ho phaella moo, e mong le e nang le amino lona tse khōlō, le tsohle lekane ka sebopeho, le solubility tsa tefo motlakase.

Mefuta ea-amino acid

-amino acid lethathamo e arotsoe mefuta e meraro ka sehloohong, li akarelletsa:

• Bohlokoa amino acid. Ho acid tsena amino meleng ke ke synthesize ka boeona e lintho tse ngata ka ho lekaneng.

• bohlokwa amino acid. Ea mofuta ona e 'mele ka synthesize bona, sebelisa mehloli e meng.

• tlas'a maemo a itseng tsa bohlokwa amino acid. 'Mele synthesizes bona, empa lintho tse ngata lekaneng bakeng sa litlhoko tsa bona.

Bohlokwa amino acid. Dikahare ka lijo

-amino acid bohlokwa na le bokhoni ba ho fumana 'mele feela ho tswa ho lijo kapa ho tswa ho a tlatsana. mesebetsi ea bona ke ba bohlokoa haholo ho sebopeho sa manonyeletso a ka bophelo bo botle, le moriri o motle, mesifa e matla. Seo lijo tse nang le le amino acid ea mofuta oo? Lethathamong le ka o fuoa tlase:

• Phenylalanine - lihlahisoa tsa lebese, nama, koro kokoana-hloko, oats;

• threonine - lihlahisoa tsa lebese, mahe, nama;

• Lysine - legumes, tlhapi, likhoho, kokoana-hloko koro, lihlahisoa tsa lebese, makotomane;

• Valine - khoahlapisitseng, li-mushroom, lihlahisoa tsa lebese, nama;

• Methionine - makotomane, meroho, legumes, nama e otileng, Cottage chisi;

• Tryptophan - linate, lihlahisoa tsa lebese, nama, Turkey, dipeo sonobolomo, mahe;

• Leucine - lihlahisoa tsa lebese, nama, oats, koro kokoana-hloko;

• isoleucine - likhoho, chisi, tlhapi, koro kokoana-hloko, dipeo sonobolomo, linate;

• histidine - hlaha koro, lihlahisoa tsa lebese le nama.

Mesebetsi ya amino acid bohlokwa

Kaofela ha tsena "litene" ba na le boikarabelo mesebetsi ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa 'mele oa motho. motho eo ha a nahana ka palo ea bona, empa ba hloka ea litsamaiso tsohle hang-hang o qala ho senyeha.

Leucine lik'hemik'hale o na le moralo o balletsweng e latelang - HO₂CCH (NH₂) CH₂CH (CH₃ ) ₂. Ho batho, acid e ena amino e sa tsa maiketsetso. E ne e akarelletsa ka liprotheine tsa tlhaho. Sebediswa ea ho phekola a phokolo ea mali, mafu a sebete. Leucine (moralo - HO₂CCH (NH₂) CH₂CH (CH₃) ₂) ho phelang letsatsi e hlokahalang ka palo ya dikgerama ho tloha 4 ho ea ho 6. asiti ena amino ke karolo ea tlatsana le tse ngata tsa phepo. Ka tlatsetsa le motsoako e coded E641 (tatso enhancer). Leucine basekaseki boemo ba tsoekere mali le leukocytes, ha e e amahanya ho matlafatsa maloetseng ho felisa ho ruruha. asiti ena amino phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka sebōpeho sa mesifa, kopanngwe masapo, qetellong pholiso, hammoho le ka metabolism.

The amino acid e histidine - e elements bohlokoa ka nako khōlo e, ha a ntse a hlaphoheloa dikotsi le ho kula. Ntlafatsa mali, manonyeletso sebetse. E thusa ho monya koporo le zinki. Le khaello ea histidine fokola ho utloa, a ruruhileng lisele mesifa.

The amino acid e isoleucine kopanelang papaling ea ho vvyrabotke hemoglobin. E eketsa mokoka, matla laola boemo ba tsoekere maling. Amehang sebopeho sa dinama tse nyenyane tse mesifa. Isoleucine fokotsa liphello tsa lintlha khatello ea kelello. Ka ho hloka lona ho hlaha maikutlo a ho tšoenyeha, tšabo, ho tšoenyeha, e ile ea eketseha mokhathala.

The amino acid e valine - e seng e ka bapisoang le mohloli oa matla a nchafatsa mesifa, e ntse e tsoela bona ka sebopeho molemo. Valine ke habohlokoa ho tsosolosa lisele tse sebete (mohlala, lefu la sebete). Le khaello ea acid e ena amino tšoenngoa tšebelisano ea mekhatlo, 'me hape e ka eketsa nahanela a letlalo a ho.

Methionine - ea bohlokoa amino acid e ho sebete, tsamaiso tshilong ya dijo. E na le sebabole, e thusang ho thibela ke lefu la manala le letlalo, thusa khōlong moriri. Methionine e loana le toxemia ka basali ba baimana. Le sekgeo lona 'meleng decreases haemoglobin, lisele tse sebete ipokellela mafura.

Lysine - acid e ena amino ke mothusi oa ka absorption ea khalsiamo, ho thusa ka sebopeho le e matlafatsang masapo. Ntlafatsa sebopeho moriri, se hlahisa collagen. Lysine - e anabolic, eo dumella hore ho eketsa mesifa boima. Amehang ho thibela mafu a bongata ba kokwanahloko.

Threonine - boosts maloetseng, ntlafatsa ea ka tšebetso ea pampitšana gastrointestinal. Kopanelang papaling ea ho ka ho bōptjoa ha collagen le elastin. Na ua se boloka mafura ka sebete. E phetha karolo e ka sebopeho sa enamel meno.

Tryptophan ke moqosuoa ka sehloohong bakeng sa maikutlo a rōna. The serotonin tloaetse, thabo hormona hlahisoang ke tryptophan. Ha e ka tloaelo e hlaha feto-fetoha, ho tloaelehile ho robala, o ntse a hlaphoheloa biorhythms. A liphello tse molemo ka pelo le methapo.

Phenylalanine amehang le thulaganyo ya tlhahiso ea noradrenaline, eo ke eena ea ikarabellang bakeng sa tšebetso falimehe phelang le matla. Hape ama boemo ba endorphins - hormone ea thabo. Khaello ea phenylalanine a ka etsa hore tsoelo-pele ea ho tepella maikutlo.

Nonessential amino acid. lihlahisoa

Tsena mefuta e sa-amino acid tse hlahiswang ka 'mele nakong ea metabolism. Di ntšitsoeng lintho tse ling tse phelang. The phelang ka lithuto tsa ka tsela e iketsang ho bōpa hlokahala amino acid. Tseo lijo tse nang le-amino acid nonessential? Lethathamong le ka o fuoa tlase:

• Arginine - habore, linate, poone, nama, edible gelatin, lebese lihlahisoa tsa sesame,, chokolete;

• Alanine - lijo tse tsoang leoatleng, lehe makhooa, nama, soya, legumes, linate, poone, sootho raese;

• asparagine - tlhapi, mahe, lijo tse tsoang leoatleng, nama, asparagus, tamati, linate;

• glycine - sebete, nama ea khomo, edible gelatin, lebese lihlahisoa, tlhapi, mahe;

• Proline - dijusi litholoana, lihlahisoa tsa lebese, koro, nama, mahe;

• Taurine - lebese, liprotheine tlhapi; hlahiswa 'meleng oa vithamine B6;

• Glutamine - tlhapi, nama, legumes, lihlahisoa tsa lebese;

• serine - soya, koro gluten, nama, lihlahisoa tsa lebese, makotomane;

• Carnitine - nama le nama dihlahiswa, lebese, tlhapi, nama e khubelu.

Mesebetsi ya amino acid bohlokwa

asiti Glutamic, tsela eo lik'hemik'hale tse - C₅H₉N₁O₄, ka lintho tse phelang e kenyelelitsoe a ea ho hlophisoa liprotheine, ho na le ba bang ba tlaase limolek'hule dintho, hammoho le ka mofuta o kakaretso. A karolo e khōlō ke ho ba le seabo metabolism naetrojene. Ho na le boikarabelo bakeng sa mosebetsi ea boko. Glutamic acid e (C₅H₉N₁O₄ moralo) fetelang ka tsoekere 'me a thusa ho hlahisa eneji, le nakong ea tšebeliso e boima. Glutamine phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho matlafatsa boitshireletso ba mmele, tsosolosa kgolo ya mesifa-hormone li bōpileng, ho eketsa metabolism.

Alanine - mohloli kgolo matla bakeng sa tsamaiso ea methapo, mesifa le boko. Ho hlahisa lisireletsi alanine matlafatsa boitshireletso ba mmele, joalokaha ho ameha ka metabolism tsa acid manyolo le tsoekere ka sebete e fetoloa tsoekere. Ka lebaka alanine boloka ho leka-lekana acid e-alkaline.

Asparagine bua ka acid bohlokwa amino, mosebetsi lona - ka mejaro e phahameng ho fokotsa sebopeho sa ammonia. E thusa le loane mokhathala, fetola lik'habohaedreite ka mesifa matla. Ho di hlohleletsago boitshireletso ba mmele ka tlhahiso ea lithibela-mafu le ho immunoglobulins. Aspartic acid e lekalekanyo thulaganyou e nka sebaka ka tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng, ho thibela deceleration ka tsela e feteletseng le tlhotlheletso ka tsela e feteletseng.

Glycine - acid e amino, ho fana ka oksijene e hlophisitsweng, sebopeho seleng. Glycine ke habohlokoa bakeng sa aa tlwaelegileng oa maling tsoekere, khatello ea mali. Kopanelang papaling ea ho ka thipitlo ea mafura tlhahiso hormone, ke eena ea ikarabellang bakeng sa boitshireletso ba mmele.

Carnitine - bohlokoa lipalangoang moemeli hore tsamaisa acid tse mafura ka popeho mitochondrial. Carnitine ke khona ho eketsa ho atleha ha antioxidants oxidize mafura, ho thusa ho felisa ba le 'mele.

Ornithine ke moetsi oa hormone hōla. asiti ena amino ke habohlokoa bakeng sa ho boitshireletso ba mmele le sebete sa ho akarelletsa ntshetsopele ya ka insulin, le bokaholimo ba matsoele ea acid e le tse mafura, e le e hlophisitsweng, moroto sebopeho.

Proline - ho akarelletsa ho hlahisoa ha collagen, eo e hlokahala bakeng sa dinama tse nyenyane tse connective le masapo. Ho tshehetsa le ho matlafatsa mesifa pelo.

Serin - lisele eneji, le mohlahisi. E thusa ho mesifa ea lebenkeleng le sebete glycogen. Kopanelang papaling ea ho ka matlafatsa boitshireletso ba mmele, ha ho etsa bonnete ba hore lisireletsi lona. Ho di hlohleletsago tsamaiso ea methapo le ka hlooho.

Taurine e na le phello e ntle ho tsamaiso ea pelo le methapo. E lumella u ho laola tsoeroe ke sethoathoa sethoathoa. E phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho laola botsofaling. Fokotsa mokhathala, imolla 'mele khahlanong le radicals free, lowers k'holeseterole le khatello ea mali.

Uslovnonezamenimye amino acid

Cysteine thusa hore ho ho felisoa ha dintho tse chefo, kopanelang papaling ea ho ka theha le mesifa dinama tse nyenyane tse 'me letlalo. Cysteine ke antioxidant tsa tlhaho tse hloekisang 'mele ho tloha chefo lik'hemik'hale. Di hlohleletsago lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali. Fumanoa ka lijo tse kang nama, tlhapi, oats, koro, soya.

The amino acid e tyrosine thusa loantša khatello ea maikutlo le mokhathala, ho fokotsa ho tšoenyeha, ho ntlafatsa feto-fetoha 'me ka kakaretso molumo. Tyrosine na antioxidant mohato wa dumella hore motho a tlame mahala radicals. E phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho metabolism. Fumanoa ka nama le tsa lebese lihlahisoa, tlhapi.

Histidine thusa lisele regenerate, kgothaletsa kgolo ya bona. Tse hemoglobin. E thusa ea ho phekola ba kulisoa, ramatiki, khaello ea mali le liso tsa ka maleng. Ka khaello ea acid e ena amino ka fokolisa se ntseng se utloa.

-amino acid le protheine

liprotheine tsohle lia bōptjoa sebedisa-amino acid ea litlamo peptide. Liprotheine bona, kapa liprotheine - ka metsoako e phahameng ea limolek'hule boima, e entsoe ka naetrojene. Khopolo ea "protheine" e ile ea pele hlahiswa morao ka 1838 ke Berzelius. lentsoe la tsoa lentsoe la Segerike "mathomo", e le sebaka se etellang pele ka sebōpeho sa liprotheine. Liprotheine fana ka bophelo ho lintho tsohle tse phelang Lefatšeng, ho tloha libaktheria ho rarahaneng batho phelang. Ka tlhaho, ba tse ling tse ngata ho feta macromolecules tse ling tsohle. Protein - motheo oa bophelo. 'Mele oa boima liprotheine ikarabella ka 20%,' me haeba re nka hlama omileng seleng, 50%. Palo e khōlō ea liprotheine e loketseng ho ba teng ha amino acid fapaneng. Ba, le eena, a sebelisana le bopa le limolek'hule le polymer. The tšobotsi hlaheletseng ka ho fetisisa ea liprotheine e khone ho bopa tsa bona tse tharo-tlhakore sebopeho. The lik'hemik'hale ea protheine e na le naetrojene kamehla - ka 16%. Ntshetsopele le ka kholo ea ba phelang ba itšetlehile ka ho feletseng ka mesebetsi acid e protheine amino. Liprotheine ke ke oa nkeloa sebaka ke likarolo tse ling. karolo ea bona ea 'mele ke ea bohlokoa haholo.

Mesebetsi ya liprotheine

Ho hlokahala hore ho ba teng ha liprotheine bontšitsoeng ka latelang mesebetsi mahlonoko tseo ho leng ea metsoako ana:

• protheine phetha karolo e khōlō ka ho ntshetsa pele le sebeletsa kholo, e le mohaho o lintho tse bonahalang bakeng sa lisele tse ncha.

• protheine laola metabolism dithulaganyo nakong ea ho lokolloa ha matla. Ka mohlala, haeba lijo e ne e ena lik'habohaedreite, tekanyo tshilong ya dijo e eketsehile ho 4%, liprotheine le ha - ka nako eo 30%.

• Ka lebaka la ho hydrophilicity liprotheine laola ho leka-lekana metsi 'meleng.

• ntlafatsa boitshireletso ba mmele ke tswakana tsa lisireletsi, 'me ba, le eena, a felisa tšokelo ea lefu le tšoaetso.

Protheine 'meleng - ke mohloli oa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ka matla le thepa ea mohaho lintho tse bonahalang. Ke ea bohlokoa haholo ho latela lenane la lijo 'me tšebeliso ea letsatsi lihlahisoa le protheine, ba tla fana ka ho hlokahala mafolofolo, matla a le ho ba sireletsa. Kaofela ha lihlahisoa tsa ka holimo e na ka sebopeho protheine lona.